reproduction of plants and animals

• Asexual Reproduction


  is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise are either from a single cell or from a multicellular organism and inherits the genes of their single parent.
• Sexual Reproduction


  starts with the combination of a sperm and an egg in a process called fertilization.
• Animal reproduction can be grouped into three:

  Viviparous -  those which give birth to living offspring

  Oviparous - those which lay eggs that eventually hatched into offspring

  Ovoviviparous - Other animals do both-lay eggs but stays inside the mother and goes out to the womb after it hatched inside
• Parthenogenesis


  is a form of a sexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. Examples are aphid, hammerhead shark and komodo dragon
• Budding


  organisms reproduce by having new individual split off from existing ones, which results in genetically identical parent and daughter organisms. They may stay attached or break free from the parent. Examples are Hydra and Anemone.
• Fragmentation


  parts of the organism’s body breaks into several fragments, which later develop into complete organisms.
• Internal Fertilization


  This occurs most often in terrestrial animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method. May occur by the male directly depositing sperm in the female during mating or sexual intercourse.
• External Fertilization


  usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into the water. After the sperm reaches the egg, fertilization takes place. Most of this happens during the process of spawning where one or several females release their eggs and the male(s) release sperm in the same area, at the same time.
• Epipelagic zone


  Also known as sunlight zone
• Sequential Hermaphrodites


  These are animals that reverses its sex during its life.
• Protogynous 


  if it shifts from female to male
• Protandrous


  if it changes from male to female.
• Pistil


  usually located in the center of the flower and made-up of three parts
• What are the three parts of pistil?

  Stigma, style, ovary
• Stigma


  magr-receive ng pollen grains
• Style


  loob niya ay pollen tubes
• Ovary


  respnsible for structure
• Stamen has two parts

  Anther, Filament
• Anther


  carries pollen then release pollen grains
• Pollen


  sperm cell of the plants
• Ovule


  egg cell of the plant
• What are the two types of Pollination

  Self pollination, Cross pollination
• Under the self-pollination, it has two kinds. What are those?

  Autogamy, geitonogamy
• Geitonogamy


  pollen transfer between flowers of one plant individual
• Autogamy


  pollen transfer within one flower
• Xenogamy


  This is under cross-pollination in which the pollen transfer between flowers of different plant individuals/varieties.

  • two different plants
• Abiotic agents


  Non-living organisms
• What are the example of Abiotic agents?

  Anemophily which means wind and Hydrophily which means water
• Biotic Agents


  Living organisms
• What are the example of Biotic agents?

  Entomophily which includes insects, Ornithophily which includes birds, Chiropterophily which includes bats, Malacophily which includes molluscs
• Sporulation


  new individual forms from an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule, which later on germinates. Examples are mushrooms and bread molds
• Buddingon Plants


  In yeast, this usually occurs during the abundant supply of nutrition. In this process of reproduction, a small bud arises as an outgrowth of the parent body. Later the nucleus of the parent yeast is separated into two parts and one of the nuclei shifts into the bud.
• Fragmentation on Plants


  it involves new plants growing from small parts of a parent plant that fall to the ground. This is one of the ways that plants like liverworts and mosses reproduce.
• Natural Vegetative Propagation


  refers to the natural development of a new plant without human interaction. Occurs through roots, bulbs, corns, tubers, suckers, rhizomes, runner, plantlets, etc. Helps to avoid physical barriers in sexual reproduction.

  • naturally occurs in plants
• Artificial Vegetative Propagation


  refers to the artificial development of new plants by means of human interaction. Occurs through budding, grafting, layering, cutting, tissue culture, etc. Helps to maintain desirable characters over generations.

  • occurs under the influence of man.
• Types of Natural Vegetative Propagation

  Stems, roots, leaves, bulbs
• Stems


  that grow horizontally above the ground is called a runner. The nodes of these plants can allow asexual reproduction through bud growth. Example of this is strawberry.
• Roots


  swollen roots called tubers can allow asexual reproduction. Example of this is the potato
• Leaves


  that are succulent, such as the catacataca leaf, can allow reproduction.
• Bulbs


  such as onion (each skin is a leaf) and a garlic (each piece is a modified steam and leaf) is attached to an underground stem.