B102

• Histology


  Study of animal and plant tissues
• Microtome


  Instrument used to cut tissues into ultrathin sections
• Animal tissues

  • Epithelial tissues
  • Connective tissues
  • Muscular tissue
  • Nervous tissue
• Epithelial tissues


  • They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities, and hallow organs, and are the major tissue in glands
  • They serve as a "barrier" from the foreign viruses, specifically in the respiratory system
  • They allow absorption of certain substances on your internal organs
  • In glands, they can secrete (release) enzymes, hormones and fluids
  • They line, cover, and protect other tissues and organs
• Stratified epithelium


  More than one layer of cells
• Characteristics of epithelial tissue

  • Cells tightly junked together
  • Presence of a cell secretion called the basement membrane
• Types of epithelial tissue by cell shape

  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
• Epithelial tissue covers external surface and internal cavities and organs. Glands are also composed of epithelial tissue
• Epithelium forms boundaries. Most substances that move into or out of the body must pass through epithelial tissue
• One surface of the tissue is free and the other adheres to a basement membrane
• Animal are multicellular organisms, which means that their body are composed of many cells
• Squamous epithelium


  • Cells very thin, much wider than they are thick
• Simple squamous epithelium


  • Air sacs, lining of blood vessels
• Stratified squamous epithelium


  • Covering and lining parts of the body cells, cells are flattened, joined tightly together, and stacked
• Cuboidal epithelial


  • Cells cube shaped - secretion & absorption
• Where cuboidal epithelial cells are found

  • Kidney tubules, duct and small glands, surface of ovary
• Columnar epithelium


  • Elongated cells, much longer than they are wide
• Simple columnar epithelium


  • A single layer of cells that line the digestive tract, gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands
• Simple columnar epithelium


  • It has microvilli at surface for absorption
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium


  • Lines the bronchi, trachea, uterine tubes and some of the uterus
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

  "Falsely stratified" epithelium, Tall and thin and form irregular shapes
• Connective tissue


  Characterized by the cells widely separated from each other in a matrix that is produced by the cells
• Connective tissue


  • A tissue that protects and supports
  • Cell matrix is composed of two regions: Ground & Fibers
• Connective tissue


  • Joints and ligaments
• Loose (areolar) connective tissue


  Gel-like ground with both elastic and non-elastic fibers running though the ground in many directions
• Loose (areolar) connective tissue


  • It wraps and cushion organs. It is found under the skin. It is the most widely of all connective tissues
  • It is the predominant type of connective tissue that joins the cells in the other main tissues
• Dense connective tissue


  • Nuclei and fibers arranged in parallel rows
  • The fibers are mostly non-elastic
• Dense connective tissue

  • Tendons and ligaments
• Adipose (fat) tissue


  • Function as storage cells for adipose (lipids)
  • Contain a large vacuole which in the live cell contains lipids
  • Adipose cell nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed out to the edge of cell membrane
• Cartilage


  • Are found in Lacunae within the matrix
  • Fibers may be elastic or non-elastic, or a form of non-elastic called reticular (where non-elastic fibers of very thin)
  • Cartilage does not contain blood vessels or nerves
• Cartilage


  • Connective tissue with cells called chondrocytes. It gives strength, support and protection to soft parts of the body
• Types of cartilage

  • Hyaline cartilage - lines your joints and caps the ends of your bones
  • Elastic cartilage - most flexible cartilage; bounce back to its original shape
  • Non-elastic cartilage - example nose cartilage
  • Fibro cartilage - tough cartilage made up of thick fibers
• Bone


  • Ground matrix is solid (calcium carbonate)
  • Has blood supply and nerves running through the Haversian Canal Systems
  • Stores minerals, provides internal support, protecting vital organs, enables movement and provides attachment sites for muscles and tendons
• Vascular tissue (blood)


  Special type of connective tissue with a liquid matrix called the blood plasma
• Blood plasma


  90% water, 10% plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones, oxygen, glucose, etc.
• An average adult possesses around 5.6 Liters of Blood
• Components of blood

  • Erythrocytes (RBC)
  • Leukocytes (WBC)
  • Thrombocytes (Platelets)
  • Plasma
• Erythrocytes (RBC)


  Red blood cells, 48 billion (Female) to 54 billion (male) cell/mL of blood in human body. Mammals are enucleated while rest of the vertebrates they have nuclei
• Leukocytes (WBC)


  White blood cells, about 7.5 million/mL of blood. They help fight infection and other diseases within the body
• Thrombocytes (Platelets)


  Responsible for blood clotting and healing processes. They are very large cells in the bone marrow