GRIZAL MIDTERMS EXAM LESSONS

• Rizal was born in the 19th century.
• 19th century - birth of modernity
• 19th century - age of revolution and birth of industrilization
• The spanish crown saw an opportunity to proift from the philippines trade, and eventually closed the ports of manila to all counntries except Mexico, Apaculo.
• Galleon trade - a ship used to trade
• British, Dutch, and Americans trading companies invested a large capital in the Philippines for the large scale production of different products such as tobacco and sugar
• The term modernity emphasizes the break from traditional ways of life
• 19th century - this era was characterized by various political upheavals, including the American revolution and the French revolution.
• American and French Revolution - were both influence by the enlightenment, a philosophical movement that valued reason, rationality, and individualism
• Trading was already apparent among our ancestors even before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines
• Manila-Acapulco Trade - this created a monopoly becausee spain had an exclusive control over the trade route and the goods that were traded, this is also known as Galleon Trade
• The trade monopoly that emerged from this decision made Manila the center of commerce in the East
• Spain - became a mercantilist superpower
• Why did the Galleon trade failed?

  1. By the late 18th century, The galleon trade face tough competition as other nations became self-sufficient and preferred direct trade.
  2. Spain was heavily dependent on the silver mined of its colonies in South America, which slowly dwindled. The value of silver also declined due to the increased production of silver in the Americas, reducing the profit margins of Galleon Trade merchants.
  3. Revolts, Particularly in the War for Independence in Mexico, took place in the new world, this shifting the focus and priority of consumers away from the trade.
• Because the Galleon trade ended, the Philippines need a commercial purpose.
• Cash crop agriculture - a type of farming where crops are grown primarily for sale rather than for personal or local consumption
• To make transactions easier, foreign investors need people who are already in the Philippines,

  1. Chinese
  2. Mestizos
  3. Rich Natives
• Chinese Immigrants - served as middlemen between the provinces, where the crops were planted, and the merchant houses of the Mestizos in Manila
• Rich natives became tenants, known as Inquilinos in Spanish
• Suez Canal - an artificial sea-level waterway, was opened, the distance of travel between Europe and the Philippines was considerably shortened. from 3 months to 40 days
• The opening of Suez Canal - construction of steel bridges, and safer and faster gave way to more intensive production of crops, which provided a huge advantage in commercial enterprises
• Industrial Revolution Contributions:

  1. The Philippines was opened for world commerce.
  2. Foreigners were engaged in manufacturing and agriculture
  3. The Philippine economy became dynamic and balanced
  4. There was a rise of new influential and wealthy Filipino middle class
  5. People were encourage to participate in the trade
  6. Migration and increase in population were encouraged
• The rise of the economy of the Philippines made the Inquilino class wealthy, which include the Rizal patriarch, the family Mercado
• The family Mercado became one of the most affluent family in Calamba
• Education is considered a status symbol during the 19th century
• One a few people, usually those with Spanish blood, have the opportunity to experience college education
• The spanish racial hierarchy

  
• Peninsulares - The highest class. Pure blooded spaniards who were born in the Iberian Peninsula, such as Spain
• Peninsulares - They were the officials and Friars who had the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos.
• Insulares or Creoles - were part of the second highest racial class in the spanish hierarchy
• Insulares - They are full blooded spaniards born in the Philippines or the Marianas.
• Mestizos - or colloquially Tisoy, is a name used to refer to people of mixed native filipino and any foreign ancestry.
• Native Filipinos and Indio - the bottom of the spanish hierarchy
• Indios - a term used to refer to the poor people of the country who were viewed as inferior and treated as second-class citizens
• This oppression resulted in the term Indio becoming associate with social and economic oppression
• According to the Peninsulares , the Phillipines is considered to be a dumping ground for societal misfits.
• The female children of the Rizal's studied at La Concordia
• Paciano studied at Colegio San de Jose
• The exposure of the young Filipinos in Spain and Europe inspired them to form the Ilustrados.
• Ilustrados - a group of educated natives who sought freedom and independence from Spanish rule.