[Midterms] ELEC 2

• MARS

  Motivation, ability, role perceptions and situational factors (behavior and performance would be low when any one of them is low)
• Motivation(DIP)


  • The forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior
  • Direction: the path along which people engage their effort
  • Intensity: amount of effort allocated to the goal
  • Persistence: continuing the effort for a certain amount of time
• Ability(ALC)

  • The natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task
  • Aptitudes: natural talents that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better
  • Learned capabilities: skills and knowledge that a person actually acquired
  • Competencies: skills, knowledge, aptitudes and other personal characteristics that lead to superior performance
• Role Perceptions


  • They understand the specific tasks assigned to them
  • They understand the priority of their various tasks
  • Understanding the preferred behaviors to accomplish the assigned tasks
• Situational factors


  • Conditions beyond the employees immediate control that constrain or facilitate behavior and performance (e.g. time, budget and physical work facilities)
• Personality


  The relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics
• Personality Determinants(NN)

  • Nature: the genetic or hereditary origins
  • Nurture: the person's socializations, life experiences and other forms of interactions with the environment
• The Five Factor Model of Personality(CANOE)


  • Conscientiousness
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
  • Openness to experience
  • Extroversion
• Conscientiousness


  A personality dimension describing people who are careful, dependable and self-disciplined
• Agreeableness


  A personality dimension describing people who are courteous, good-natured, empathic and caring
• Neuroticism


  A personality dimension describing people with high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness
• Openness to experience


  The extent to which people are sensitive, flexible, creative and curious
• Extroversion


  Characterizes person who are outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive
• Conscientiousness and emotional stability (low neuroticism) are motivational components because they energize the willingness to fulfill work obligation within established rules (conscientiousness) and to allocate resources to accomplish those tasks (emotional stability)
• Extroversion is associated with performance in sales and management job, where employees must interact with and influence people
• Agreeableness is associated with performance in jobs where employees are expected to be cooperative and helpful
• People high on the openness to experience tend to be more creative and adaptable to change
• Self-Concept


  An individual's self beliefs and self-evaluations (who am I? how do I feel about myself?)
• Dimensions of Self-Concept

  • Complexity
  • Consistency
  • Clarity
• People function better when their self-concept has many elements (high complexity) that are compatible with each other (high consistency) and are relatively clear
• Self Enhancement


  • People are motivated to promote and protect a self-view of being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical and valued
• Self-Verification


  People are motivated to verify their self-concept. People will usually prefer feedback that is consistent with their self-concept even when that feedback is unflattering
• Dimensions of Self-Verification


  • It affects the perceptual process because employees are more likely to remember information that is consistent with their self-concept
  • The more confident employees are in their self-concept, the less they will accept feedback that is at odds with their self-concept
  • Employees are motivated to interact with others who affirm their self-concept, which affects how well they get along with their boss and coworkers in teams
• Self-Evaluation(SSL)


  • Self-Esteem: the extent to which people like, respect and are satisfied with themselves
  • Self-Efficacy: a person's belief that he or she has the ability, motivation, correct role perceptions and favorable situations to complete a task successfully
  • Locus of Control: a person's general belief about the amount of control he or she has over personal life events
• Personal Identity


  Consists of characteristics that make a person unique and distinct from other people in the social groups to which he has a connection
• Social Identity


  People define themselves in terms of the groups to which they belong or have an emotional attachment
• Values


  Stable evaluative beliefs that guide one's preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of actions
• Value system

  Hierarchy of preferences
• Personal values


  Values that exist within individuals only
• Shared values


  Group of people holding the same values
• Espoused values


  Values that people say, use and think
• Enacted values


  The values they rely on to guide their decisions and actions
• Types of Values (Shalom Schwartz)


  • Openness to change
  • Conservation
  • Self-Enhancement
  • Self-Transcendence
  • Value Congruence
• Openness to change


  The extent to which a person is motivated to pursue independent thought and action, and excitement and challenge

  (SS)

  Self-direction - independent Thought and Action

  Stimulation - Excitement and Challenge
• Conservation


  The extent to which a person is motivated to preserve the status quo, adhere to social norms and expectations, and maintain safety and stability.

  
  

  (CST)

  Conformity - adherence to social norms and expectations

  Security - Safety and Stability

  Tradition - Moderation and Conservation of Status Quo
• Self-Enhancement


  How much a person is motivated by self-interest, the pursuit of personal success, and dominance over others.

  
  

  (AP)

  Achievement - pursuit of personal success

  Power - dominance over others
• Self-Transcendence


  Motivation to promote the welfare of others and nature, including concern for others in one's life and concern for the welfare of all people and nature.

  
  

  (BU)

  Benevolence - Others

  Unversalism - All people and Nature
• Values Congruence


  The extent to which a person's values hierarchy is similar to the values hierarchy of the organization, a co-worker, or other comparison