cognitive psych

• Cognitive psychology is the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about information
• Philosophy seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection, the examination of inner ideas and experiences
• Physiology seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical methods.
• rationalist believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis.
• empiricist believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence— that is, we obtain evidence through experience and observation
• Structuralism seeks to understand the structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components
• plato = rationalist
• aristotle = empiricist
• Rene Descartes, a rationalist, cogito ergo sum, dualism, mind and body are separate, mind is the source of all knowledge
• Introspection is a deliberate looking inward at pieces of information passing through consciousness.
• functionalism suggested that psychologists should focus on the processes of thought rather than on its contents.
• Functionalism seeks to understand what people do and why they do it
• Pragmatists believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness: What can you do with it?
• analytic geometry integrate algebra and geometry
• John Locke, tabula rasa, empiricist
• Associationism examines how elements of the mind like events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form of learning
• contiguity - associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time
• similarity - associating things with similar features or properties
• contrast - associating things that show polarities, such as hot/cold, light/dark, day/ night
• Immanuel Kant - both rationalist and empiricist
• Wilhelm Wundt - founder of structuralissm
• William James - philosophy of pragmatism
• Ebbinghaus studied how people learn and remember material through rehearsal, the conscious repetition of material to be learned
• Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949), held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations
• law of effect - A stimulus will tend to produce a certain response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.
• Behaviorism focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli.
• John Watson - father of radical behaviorism
• Gestalt psychology states that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes
• Cognitivism is the belief that much of human behavior can be understood in terms of how people think.
• Lashley considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior.
• Intelligence is the capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment.
• Stratum I includes many narrow, specific abilities (e.g., spelling ability, speed of reasoning).
• Stratum II includes various broad abilities (e.g., fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, short-term memory, long-term storage and retrieval, informationprocessing speed).
• Stratum III is just a single general intelligence (sometimes called g).
• Carroll - three-stratum model of intelligence
• Alan Turing - turing test, founder of computer science, broke german enigma code
• Ada, countess of lovelace - wrote first computer program, calculated sequence of bernoulli numbers, the lovelace objection
• gardner - theory of multiple intelligences
• Linguistic intelligence Used in reading a book; writing a paper, a novel, or a poem; and understanding spoken words
• Spatial intelligence Used in getting from one place to another, in reading a map