Angelica

• Indigenous peoples


  First nations, Métis, and Inuit
• In 2021, over 1.8 million people in Canada identified as Indigenous
• Warfare was common among Aboriginal groups as they competed for land, resources and prestige
• The arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers and colonists changed the native way of life forever
• Inuit Nunanggat


  Includes much of the land, water and ice contained in the Arctic region
• Inuk


  Inuk person
• Inuit arrived at around 1050 CE
• Eskimo


  Eating raw fish

  
• Métis


  People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, who trace their origins to the Red River Valley and the prairies beyond
• Most First Nations hold reserve lands
• According to the 2021 Census, there are 1,127,010 First Nations in Canada
• Vikings from Iceland who colonized Greenland 1,000 years ago also reached Labrador and the island of Newfoundland
• John Cabot


  First to draw a map of Canada's East Coast, made three voyages across the Atlantic, claiming the land for King Francis I of France (1534-1542)
• Kanata


  Iroquoian word meaning "village"
• By the 1550s, the name of Canada began appearing on maps
• First European settlement in Canada is in Québec City by Samuel de Champlain
• Champlain allied the colony of Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron against the Iroquois
• The French and Aboriginal people collaborated in the fur-trade economy, driven by the demand for beaver pelts in Europe
• Outstanding leaders like Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and Count Frontenac built a French Empire in North America that reached from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico
• New France was turned over to royal rule in 1663
• The King invested more in Canada
• French and Iroquois made peace in 1701 called Great Peace
• King Charles II of England granted the Hudson's Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed draining into Hudson Bay in 1670
• The Hudson's Bay Company competed with Montreal-based traders for the next 100 years
• Voyageurs


  Employees of the Hudson's Bay Company
• Coureurs des bois


  Employees of the Hudson's Bay Company
• English colonies along the Atlantic were richer and more populous
• In the 1700s, the British and French battled for control of Canada
• The British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Québec City, ending the French Empire in America
• Great Britain renamed the colony the "Province of Quebec"
• Habitants/Canadiens


  French-speaking Catholics who strove to preserve their way of life
• The Quebec Act of 1774 allowed religious freedom, permitted French Canadians to hold public office, and restored French civil law while maintaining British criminal law
• United Empire Loyalists


  Those who are loyal to the Crown, more than 40,000 fled the oppression of the American Revolution and settled in Nova Scotia and Quebec, with different backgrounds (Dutch, German, British, Scandinavian, Aborigines)
• The first representative assembly was in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1758, followed by Prince Edward Island in 1773 and New Brunswick in 1785
• The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada (Loyalist, Protestant, English-speaking) and Lower Canada (Catholic, French-speaking), and granted a legislative assembly elected
• The name Canada also became official at this time and has been used ever since. The Atlantic colonies and the two Canadas were known collectively as British North America
• The Hudson's Bay Company had French, British, and Aboriginal employees and dominated the fur trade in the northwest
• The economy was based on farming and exporting natural resources, and the first financial institutions opened in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
• In 1840, Upper and Lower Canada were united as the Province of Canada
• Reformers such as Sir Louis Hippolyte La Fontaine, Robert Baldwin, and Joseph Hower worked with British governors toward responsible government