EYES ASSESSMENT

• It is recommended that people under age 40 have their eyes tested every 3 to 5 years, or more frequently if there is a family history of diabetes, hypertension, blood dyscrasia, or eye disease
• It is recommended that people under age 40 have their eyes tested every 3 to 5 years, or more frequently if there is a family history of diabetes, hypertension, blood dyscrasia, or eye disease
• After age 40, an eye examination is recommended every 2 years.
• visual acuity the degree of detail the eye can discern in an image
• visual fields the area an individual can see when looking straight ahead
• myopia - nearsightedness
• hyperopia - farsightedness
• presbyopia - loss of elasticity of the lens and thus loss of ability to see close objects
• Presbyopia begins at about 45 years of age.
• Astigmatism, an uneven curvature of the cornea that prevents hor- izontal and vertical rays from focusing on the retina, is a common problem that may occur in conjunction with myopia and hyperopia.
• Conjunctivitis inflammation of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva
• Dacryocystitis inflammation of the lacrimal sac, manifested by tearing and a discharge from the nasolacrimal duct.
• Hordeolum (sty) is a redness, swelling, and tenderness of the hair follicle and glands that empty at the edge of the eyelids.
• Iritis (inflammation of the iris) may be caused by local or systemic infections and results in pain, tearing
• Photophobia (sensitivity to light).
• Cataracts tend to occur in individuals over 65 years old al- though they may be present at any age.
• Cataracts may also occur in infants due to a malformation of the lens if the mother contracted rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy.
• Glaucoma (a disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid, which causes an increase in intraocu- lar pressure) is the most frequent cause of blindness in people over age 40 although it can occur at younger ages.
• Pupils are normally black, are equal in size (about 3 to 7 mm in diameter), and have round, smooth borders.
• Mydriasis (enlarged pupils) may indi- cate injury or glaucoma, or result from certain drugs
• Miosis (constricted pupils)
• Anisocoria (unequal pupils) may result from a central nervous system disorder
• Approximately 15 to 20 involuntary blinks per minute; bilateral blinking
• When lids open, no visible sclera above corneas, and upper and lower borders of cornea are slightly covered
• Ptosis - drooping eye
• Ectropion - outwardly turned lower lid
• Chalazion - infected maibomian gland
• Entropion - inwardly turned lower eyelids
• Blepharitis - staphylococcal infection of the eyelid
• Diffuse episcleritis - inflammation of the sclera, usually bilateral.
• Inspect the bulbar conjunctiva (that lying over the sclera) for color, texture, and the presence of lesions.
• sclera appears white (darker or yellowish and with small brown macules in dark-skinned clients)
• Jaundiced sclera in liver disease
• excessively pale sclera in anemia
• reddened sclera (marijuana use, rheumatoid disease)
• Inspect the cornea for clarity and texture.
• Cornea: transparent, shiny, and smooth; details of the iris are visible
• In older people, a thin, grayish white ring around the margin, called arcus senilis, may be evident.
• Cornea abnormalitis: Arcus senilis in clients under age 40.
• Inspect the pupils for color, shape, and symmetry of size.