RAWS

• Reading and Writing


  • Enhances the social and intellectual skills of others
  • Not an effortless task
• Reading Process


  1. Pre-Reading - Induces the reader's motivation to read and to activate their schema or background knowledge. Builds expectations and predictions.

  2. While-Reading - Rereading the text until you fully understand its meaning.

  3. Post-Reading - Checking the understanding of the text
• Basic Reading Skills


  • Vocabulary
  • Predictions
  • Comprehension
  • Organization skills
  • Response techniques
• Rapid Reading


  • Skimming - Gets about the main idea quickly
  • Scanning - Gets specific information, answers the wh-questions
• Previewing


  Finding the information deemed relevant
• Inferential Reading


  The process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text
• Literal Reading


  Summarize and paraphrase
• Critical Reading


  Distinguish facts from opinions and detect logical fallacies
• Types of Reading


  • Developmental Reading
  • Pleasure Reading
  • Functional Reading
  • Remedial Reading
• Patterns of Development


  • Definition
  • Exemplification/Classification
  • Description
  • Chronology/Procedure/Listing
  • Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution
  • Compare and Contrast
  • Persuasion
• Summarizing


  Putting main ideas into your own words while including the main point. Normally shorter than the normal text.
• Paraphrasing


  Putting a passage into your own words
• Direct Quoting


  A short part of text, an exact copy
• Texts with citations appear more credible as it's backed with professionals' findings
• Criteria in Evaluating Sources

  • Relevance to the Topic
  • Author's Qualifications
  • Date of Publication
  • Accuracy of Information
  • Location of Sources
• Why do we cite?

  • To give credit to the author of the original work
  • To promote scholarly writing done in institutions
  • To help your target audience to identify your original source
• Two Types of Citations

  • Reference - Bibliographic entries of all references. Appears in the reference list.
  • In-text - Used in a certain part of their essay. Parenthetical: Is simply labeled as a source. Narrative: The citation is part of the idea that you expound on.
• In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition of the publication manual, replacing the 6th edition published in 2009
• APA: '"provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication because it helps authors represent their ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner" (APA, 2020, p. xvii)'
• APA Style Guidelines


  • Use clear, concise language. Avoid contractions and colloquialisms.
  • Use "I" in place of the editorial "we".
  • On-human relative pronouns like "that" and "which" are recommended for animals and inanimate objects rather than "Who"
  • Numerals under 10 should be spelled out; 10 and above expressed as a number.
  • Do not use gendered pronouns as generic pronouns, use "they" instead.
  • Use descriptive phrases instead of adjectives as nouns.
  • Past tense verbs should be used to refer to events that occurred in the past.
  • Avoid biased language.
  • Use exact ranges and categories.
• DOI


  Exact link of the file
• URL


  If uploaded on a website. May change
• Citation Format


  Author - year - journal - title - article number - page
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2023, April). Anxiety disorder. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders
• You can add two publishers if republished by a new publisher. If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher name.
• (Apyang & Drew, 2019: lagbunan, 2020)