Gen Chem 2

• Biochemistry


  Branch of science concerned with the chemical and physicochemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms
• Biomolecule


  Molecule that is produced by a living organism
• Four types of biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids

  
• Carbohydrates


  Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms
• Monomer


  Type of molecule that has the ability to chemically bond with other molecules in a long chain
• Polymer


  Large molecule or macromolecule chain of an unspecified number of monomers
• Saccharides


  Derived from the Greek word "SAKCHARON" meaning "sugar"
• Glycosidic bond


  Type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
• Alpha carbohydrate


  • Carbohydrate is alpha when the hydroxyl group of carbon 1 is pointing in the opposite direction to the carbon 6
  • Represented by the symbol "α"

  
• Beta carbohydrate


  • Carbohydrate is beta when the hydroxyl group of carbon 1 is pointing in the same direction to the carbon 6
  • Represented by the symbol "β"

  
• Two categories of carbohydrates

  • Simple carbohydrates
  • Complex carbohydrates
• Simple carbohydrates


  • Can be broken down quickly by the body to be used as energy
  • Found naturally in foods such as fruits, milk, and milk products
• Two types of simple carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  • Simplest form of carbohydrates composed of 1 sugar
  • Have many hydroxyl groups (-OH) in their molecular structure, thus they are polar and therefore very soluble in water

  
• Three kinds of monosaccharides

  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose

  
• Disaccharides


  • Composed of 2 monosaccharides
  • Formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed through the process called condensation reaction

  
• Condensation reaction


  Form complex molecules by the loss of water (H2O) in a chemical reaction
• Hydrolysis reaction


  Breakdown of molecules after the addition of water
• Three kinds of disaccharides

  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
• Complex carbohydrates


  • Made up of sugar molecules that are strung together in long, complex chains
  • Found in foods such as peas, beans, whole grains, and vegetables
• Two types of complex carbohydrates

  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides

  
• Oligosaccharides


  Short chain of monosaccharides that composed of less than 20 monosaccharide units linked together
• Polysaccharides


  • Long chain of monosaccharides that composed of more than 20 monosaccharide units, usually glucose linked together
  • Most carbohydrates found in nature occur as polysaccharides
  • Complex sugars are starch, glycogen, and cellulose, which serves as energy storage or as cell framework
  • Can be branched or unbranched, this goes for both homopolysaccharide and heteropolysaccharide

  
• Polysaccharides can be

  • Homopolysaccharides
  • Heteropolysaccharides
• Homopolysaccharides


  Composed of 1 type of monosaccharide monomer
• Heteropolysaccharides


  Composed of 2 or more type of monosaccharide monomer
• Three examples of polysaccharides

  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose

  
• Starch


  • Used as carbohydrate storage in plants
  • Branched points occurs every 24 - 30 glucose units
  • Composed of 300 to 1,000 glucose units stuck together in a long chain
• Two forms of glucose polymers in starch

  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin

  
• Amylose


  • Long linear and unbranched chains of glucose
  • Structure composed of α 1 - 4 bond

  
• Amylopectin


  • Long linear and branched chains of glucose
  • Structure composed of α 1 - 4 bond and α 1 - 6 bond

  
• Glycogen


  • Used as carbohydrate storage in animals
  • Long linear and branched chains of glucose
  • Branched points occurs every 8 - 12 glucose units
  • Composed of 60,000 glucose units stuck together in a long chain

  
• Cellulose


  • Structural components in plants, they make up the plant cell wall
  • Long linear and unbranched chains of glucose
  • Linked together by a different type of chemical bond, chains of glucose are hydrogen-bond together into fibers (microfibrils) that gives cellulose its unique properties of mechanical strength and chemical stability
  • Structure composed of β 1 - 4 bond
  • Humans do not have enzymes that can break down cellulose and so humans cannot digest cellulose
  • Composed of 2,000 - 14,000 glucoses

  
• Lipids or fats


  • Derived from the Greek word "LIPOS" meaning "animal fat" or "vegetable oil"
  • Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms
  • Glycerol and fatty acids are the monomers that make up lipids
  • Insoluble in aqueous solutions but soluble in organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, and ether
  • Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning it repel with water
  • Function is for long-term energy storage, protection, insulation, and lubrication
• Four categories of lipids

  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Waxes
• Triglycerides


  • Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
  • Main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke
• Two things that triglycerides include

  • Oils
  • Fats
• Oils


  • Liquid at room temperature
  • Used by plants for long term energy storage
  • Examples are corn and olive oil
• Fats


  • Solid at room temperature
  • Used by animals for insulation, protection, and long term energy storage
  • Examples are lard and butter
• Two types of subunit molecules of triglycerides

  • Glycerol
  • Fatty acids