MIDTERMS GRIZAL

• Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines


  1521
• The Philippines was colonized by Spain


  1564
• Galleon Trade


  Trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico, which began in 1565 and continued to be a significant economic link between Asia and the Americas during the 19th century
• Secularization Controversy


  Centered around the control of parishes by the secular clergy (diocesan priests) rather than the regular clergy (members of religious orders)
• Execution of Gomburza


  1872
• The execution of Gomburza intensified anti-Spanish sentiments and fueled the nationalist movement. The martyrdom of these priests became a symbol of resistance against Spanish oppression and injustice.
• Cavite Mutiny


  1872
• The Cavite Mutiny was a mutiny by Filipino workers and soldiers at the Cavite Arsenal. While the uprising was quickly suppressed, it resulted in the persecution of many Filipinos suspected of sympathizing with nationalist ideas. This event further heightened tensions between the colonial authorities and the local population.
• Propaganda Movement


  The first Filipino nationalist movement led by Filipino elites/propagandists like Dr. Jose Rizal, M.H Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena
• Propagandists


  They waged their movement by means of pen and tongue to expose the defects of spanish rule in the Philippines and the urgency to reforms to remedy them
• Propaganda Movement


  • It was an assimilationist movement in that the propagandists believed that the Philippines should be fully incorporated into Spain as a Spanish province and not merely as a colony, with Filipinos granted the same citizenship rights accorded to Spanish citizens
  • Equality of Filipinos and the Spaniards before the law
  • Restoration of Philippine representation in the Cortes, (the law making body of Spain)
  • Filipinization of Philippine Parishes

  
• La Solidaridad


  A political propaganda paper with a liberal, reformist orientation dedicated to the task of fighting reaction in all its forms
• La Solidaridad


  • Founded by Galicano Apacible, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, Pablo Rianzares Bautista, and Santiago Icasiano
  • First editor was Graciano Lopez-Jaena (vice president) but he was soon succeeded by Marcelo H. del Pilar, because his political wisdom was needed to unite the Filipinos in Spain and to coordinate their efforts
• We shall also discuss all problems relating to the general interest of the nation and seek solutions to those problems in high-level and democratic manner.
• La Solidaridad urged reforms in both religion and government in the Philippines, and it served as the voice of the Propaganda Movement.
• Writers for La Solidaridad

  • Marcelo H. del Pilar (Plaridel)
  • Dr. Jose Rizal (Laon Laan)
  • Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulo, Tigbalang)
  • Antonio Luna (Taga Ilog)
  • Jose Ma. Panganiban (Jomapa)
  • Dr. Pedro Paterno
  • Antonio Ma. Regidor
  • Isabelo delos Reyes
  • Eduardo de Lete
  • Jose Alejandrino
• Some friends of the Propaganda Movement also contributed, notably Professor Blumentritt ( Austrian ethnologist ) and Dr. Morayta ( Spanish Historian, university professor and statesman ).
• La Solidaridad

  • Size of a short bond paper
  • Text was printed in two columns
  • Illustration is present yet seldomly found only on the front page
  • Size and thickness were necessary for target readers also included the ones in Philippines
  • It is secretly mailed or smuggled to escape the government censors
• Aims of La Solidaridad

  • To foster a sense of Filipino nationalism and pride among its readers
  • To advocate for political reforms within the Spanish colonial administration in the Philippines
  • To foster unity and solidarity among Filipinos, transcending regional, ethnic, and class divisions
• Key reforms advocated by La Solidaridad

  • Representation in Spanish Cortes: desire for greater political participation and empowerment for Filipinos within the colonial administration
  • Equality Before the Law: all individuals, regardless of race or social status, should be treated fairly and justly under the legal system
  • Separation of Church and State: limit the influence of the Catholic Church in political and social affairs
  • Promotion of Education: emphasized the importance of education as a means of empowering the Filipino people and advancing national development
  • Cultural Revival: revive and promote Filipino culture, language, and heritage
• 'The Philippines a Century Hence' by Jose Rizal, he attempted to predict the country's future. Rizal outlined several scenarios for how the Philippines might evolve over the next century, the first of which was that our country would remain a Spanish colony.
• Emilio Jacinto wrote "A La Patria" (To The Fatherland) a patriotic piece inspired by "Mi Ultimo Adios" (My Last Farewell) written by Dr. Jose Rizal before his execution
• La Solidaridad unified the Ilustrados, providing a platform for their collective voice and disseminating their ideas to a wider audience. It exposed the abuses of the Spanish colonial regime and challenged prevailing stereotypes about the Philippines.

  
• Irregularity of funds. Money was a continuous problem despite the financial support from fellow Filipinos and sympathizers in Spain.
• La Solidaridad urged reforms in both religion and government in the Philippines, and it served as the voice of what became known as the Propaganda Movement. And because what the propagandists wrote were accurate reflections of reality, a feeling of empathy developed wherever news of their work was heard. The articulation of their own feelings of oppression heightened the ferment of the people and herein lay the continuity between reformism and revolution despite their diametrically opposed means and goals.
• Jose Rizal's most notable contributions include his writings, which advocated for political reforms and social change in the Philippines. His novels, "Noli Me Tangere" (Touch Me Not) and "El Filibusterismo" (The Reign of Greed), awakened national consciousness and inspired a sense of identity and pride among Filipinos.
• Marcelo H. del Pilar grew up to be one of the greatest propagandists who sought Philippine freedom through his pen. In 1882, he became editor of the newspaper Diariong Tagalog which strongly criticized the way the Spaniards ran the government and treated the people. Using his pen name, Plaridel, he wrote satires against the Spanish friars, notably "Dasalan at Tuksuhan" and "Kaiingat Kayo."
• Mariano Ponce. As a medical student in Spain, he managed the reformist periodical La Solidaridad. When the revolution began in 1896, he helped procure weapons for the Filipinos back home.
• Antonio Luna. In Spain, he became one of the Filipino expatriates who mounted the Propaganda Movement and wrote for La Solidaridad, headed by Galicano Apacible. He wrote a piece titled Impressions which dealt with Spanish customs and idiosyncrasies under the pen-name "Taga-ilog".

  
• The article argues that some of the newspapers of late Spanish colonial Manila should be considered as being politically contentious, and instruments of propaganda, along with La Solidaridad
• The article documents Isabelo de los Reyes's participation in the press of this period, particularly though not exclusively in bilingual newspapers, and argues that this fact has not been fully recognized, in part because of his many pseudonyms and in part because of the political imperative to propagandize about censorship in the colonial press
• La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) was an organization created in Spain on December 13, 1888
• La Solidaridad


  Recognized as a central text of the "Propaganda Movement" of the 1880s and 1890s
• Propaganda Movement


  Derived by John N. Schumacher, SJ. from the "Comite de Propaganda" of Manila — a group that generally supported the political projects undertaken by the Filipinos living, working, organizing, and writing mostly in the Spanish peninsula; financially supported del Pilar's work in the Peninsula as well as La Solidaridad; and distributed that newspaper and other works of "propaganda" in the colony
• Periodical


  • A magazine or newspaper published at regular intervals
• Before the 1840s, there were few periodicals in the Philippines, but the opening of Manila to foreign trade in 1834 led to an expansion of print culture
• By around 1860, the periodical press became significant in the colony, primarily with newspapers in Castilian, aimed at Spaniards, foreign businessmen, and the local elite
• Early bilingual newspapers


  • El Pasig (1862-1863)
  • El Diario Tagalo / Ang Diariong Tagalog (1882)
• The failure of El Pasig provided an important service for future bilingual periodicals in the Philippines
• Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera's administration (1880-1883) was lenient in censorship, encouraging publishing