Reading and Writing

• Pre-Reading


  To induce the readers motivation and activate their schema or background knowledge. Ex. based on the title
• While-Reading


  Rereading the text until you fully understand it's meaning. Ex. what is the story all about?
• Post-Reading


  Checking the understanding of the text. Ex. what happened?
• Basic Reading Skills


  • Vocabulary acquisition
  • Pre-reading strategies
  • Textual comprehension
  • Organizational skills
  • Response techniques
• Mastering basic reading skills enables a reader to increase their reading speed, comprehension, and overall vocabulary
• Rapid Reading


  Specific information or main idea in a very short time
• Skimming


  Reading quickly to get the main idea
• Scanning


  Searching for specific information from a text
• Skimming and Scanning


  • To see what is in the news on a website or on a paper
  • To search for a word in a dictionary or index
  • To look through a text to decide whether you want to read it or not
  • To find a phone number or an address in a directory
  • To look through the television guide/ program schedule to plan your evening
  • To check the time schedule of a program in an agenda
  • To see through a catalog to choose an offer
  • To check the price of a specific item in a catalog
  • To go through the options after searching something on Google
  • To know a particular information from a text
• Pre-Reviewing


  Looks over the material and focuses on the relevant information. Involves clarifying the purpose, reading the title and headings, and checking the illustration and other visuals.
• Inferential Reading


  Deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text. Reading between the lines. Ideas are drawn from facts or details in the text.
• Literal Reading


  Understanding the ideas and facts that are directly stated. Summarizing and paraphrasing.
• Critical Reading


  Thorough evaluation of the claims in the text. Relevance, validity, logic. Distinguishing facts from opinions and detecting logical fallacies.
• Types of Reading


  • Developmental Reading
  • Pleasure Reading
  • Functional Reading
  • Remedial Reading
• Patterns of Development


  The logical arrangement of ideas that helps you to follow ideas easily, as well to recognize and predict ideals to understand a text better.
• Types of Patterns of Development


  • Definition
  • Exemplification/Classification
  • Description
  • Chronology/Procedure/Listing
  • Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution
  • Comparison and Contrast
  • Persuasion
• Plagiarism


  Presenting someone else's work as your own. Includes borrowing an idea without properly attributing it to the author or copying and pasting information. Punishable by Law Copyright Infringement Section 217 or R.A No. 8293 or the Intellectual Property code (Sto. Thomas, 2022)
• Summarizing


  Putting the main idea into your own words and including the main points.
• Paraphrasing


  Putting a passage from a source into your own words.
• Direct Quoting


  Exact copy of words from the source.
• Steps for Paraphrasing


  1. Read the text carefully. Underline or take note of any important subject-specific words.

  2. Look up any difficult words and find synonyms for them.

  3. Find different ways of expressing the information in the groups of words.

  4. Rewrite sentences. Simplify the sentence structure and the vocabulary without changing the meaning.

  5. Put your text out of sight and write your paraphrase from memory

  6. Revise your paraphrase and compare it to the original. Is it written clearly in your own words? Is the meaning the same? Have most of the words changed? Are the sentences significantly restructured? Is it about the same length as the original writing?
• Summarize a text that has long citations like a page or a chapter of a book or the book itself; a paragraph of an essay or the essay itself.
• Paraphrase a short text with one or two sentences or a paragraph with a minimum of five sentences.
• Paraphrase when you want to avoid or minimize direct quotation or rewrite the author's original text.
• Summarizing


  1. Summarize a text that has long citations like a page or a chapter of a book or the book itself

  2. Summarize a paragraph of an essay or the essay itself

  3. Summarize when you want to avoid or minimize direct quotation

  4. Use the main idea of the text and write it in your own words
• Paraphrasing


  1. Paraphrase a short text with one or two sentences or a paragraph with a minimum of five sentences

  2. Paraphrase when you want to avoid or minimize direct quotation

  3. Rewrite the author's words in your own words without changing the message or the author's ideas
• Evaluating sources


  • Assess relevance to the topic
  • Consider the author's qualifications
  • Check the date of publication
  • Evaluate the accuracy of information
  • Identify the location of sources
• Citing sources


  • Give credit to the author of the original work
  • Promote scholarly writing
  • Help the target audience identify the original source
• Reference citation


  • Bibliographic entries of all references used by the writer
  • Appears in the references list at the end
• In-text citation


  Cites the details of the reference used in a certain part of the essay
• The American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual in 2019, replacing the 6th Edition published in 2009
• APA style


  Provides a foundation for effective scholarly communication by helping authors present their ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner
• Disciplines that APA regulates

  • Education
  • Psychology
  • Sciences
  • Social Sciences
• APA style guidelines


  • Use clear, concise language; avoid contractions and colloquialisms
  • Use "I" if writing alone, "We" if writing with coauthors
  • Use "that" and "which" for animals and inanimate objects, not "who"
  • Spell out numerals under 10, use numbers for 10 and above
  • Use "they" instead of "he" or "she" as a generic pronoun
  • Use descriptive phrases instead of adjectives as nouns to label groups
  • Use past tense verbs to refer to events in the past
  • Avoid biased language that reveals sex, gender, race, disability, socio-economic status
  • Use exact age ranges instead of broad categories
• Quoting


  1. If directly quoting more than 40 words, use a blockquote

  2. Include the page number or paragraph number if no page number is available

  3. Place quotation marks around the direct quote
• Citation formats


  • Parenthetical citation
  • Narrative citation
• References list


  • Entries are arranged in alphabetical order with hanging indent
  • Punctuation follows specific rules
  • Titles use sentence case
• Reference formats


  • Website
  • Book