INDG 1220 U3

• Potlatch


  Ceremonial event among Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest involving feasting, gift-giving, and cultural performances, emphasizing social connections and status
• Great Law of Peace


  Founding constitution of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy, outlining principles of governance, peace, and mutual respect among member nations
• Many Lodges Gathering

  Traditional event among Plains Indigenous peoples involving gatherings of multiple lodges for social, cultural, and ceremonial purposes
• Thule period


  Archaeological period in the Arctic, named after the Thule people, characterized by the use of advanced technologies such as the bow and arrow and the development of Arctic cultures
• People of the Dawn

  Translation of the word "Wabanaki," referring to Indigenous peoples of northeastern North America, including the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Abenaki, and Penobscot
• Longhouses

  Traditional dwelling style among Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, characterized by long, narrow structures made of wood and bark, housing multiple families
• Sacred Pipe

  Ceremonial pipe used by various Indigenous cultures for spiritual and ceremonial purposes, symbolizing connection between the physical and spiritual worlds
• Plank Houses

  Traditional dwellings among Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, constructed with wooden planks and often featuring elaborate carvings and designs
• Tunit

  Prehistoric Indigenous culture of the Arctic, known for their advanced stone tool technology and adaptation to harsh Arctic conditions
• The Columbian Exchange

  Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World following Christopher Columbus's voyages, leading to significant cultural and ecological changes
• Quinine


  Medicinal plant used by Indigenous peoples of South America to treat malaria, later adopted by European colonizers for the same purpose
• Christopher Columbus


  Italian explorer who made voyages to the Americas on behalf of Spain, leading to European colonization and significant impacts on Indigenous peoples and cultures
• Mi'kmaq contact

  1. Interaction and contact with European explorers and settlers

  2. To establish trade, alliances, and cultural exchanges
• Haudenosaunee contact

  1. Interactions with European settlers and colonial powers

  2. To negotiate treaties, trade, and diplomatic relations
• Niitsitapi contact

  1. Encounters with European explorers and fur traders

  2. To engage in fur trade, diplomacy, and conflict
• Kwakwa ka'wakw contact

  1. Contact with European explorers, traders, and settlers

  2. To engage in trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange
• Inuit Contact

  1. Interactions with European explorers, whalers, and traders

  2. To engage in trade, adapt to changing conditions, and maintain cultural traditions
• Tobacco

  1. Sacred and ceremonial plant used for spiritual, medicinal, and social purposes

  2. Integral part of Indigenous cultures for ceremonies, rituals, and trade
• Forced and voluntary migrations to the Americas

  1. Movements of peoples to the Americas, including forced migrations such as the transatlantic slave trade and voluntary migrations such as European colonization

  2. Factors include economic opportunities, escape from persecution, and colonization efforts
• Three parts to the spark of life in living things (Mi'kmaq)


  • A form that decays and disappears after death
  • A mntu or spark that travels after death to the lands of the souls
  • The guardian spark or spirits that aid people during their earth walk
• Significance of oolican oil

  Oolican oil, extracted from small fish called oolichan or smelt, was a valuable resource for many Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest, providing essential nutrients, light, and trade goods
• Food introduced to other continents after contact

  Indigenous foods such as potatoes, maize (corn), tomatoes, and beans were introduced to other continents, significantly impacting diets and agricultural practices worldwide
• Diseases introduced to Turtle Island (North America) during contact

  European contact brought diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza to Indigenous populations in North America, leading to devastating epidemics and demographic collapse