Midterm

• Nucleotides


  Ubiquitous molecules
• RNA


  • Interprets information in DNA
  • Carries information to the ribosomes
  • Considerable structural diversity
• Varieties of Ribosomes


  • Eight common varieties
  • Where protein synthesis takes place
• Ribose


  Five carbon-sugar of RNA
• Deoxyribose


  • Five carbon-sugar of DNA
  • Deoxy means "without Oxygen"
• Nucleotide bases


  • Planar, aromatic, heterocyclic molecules
  • Structural derivatives of either purine or pyrimidine
• James Watson and Francis Crick proposed that DNA was double helix in 1953
• Common purines


  • Adenine
  • Guanine
• Common pyrimidines


  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
• Complementary base pairs


  1. A- T and G-C
• DNA or RNA is where the bulk of the nucleotides of the cell are found
• DNA


  Preserves information in animals and plants
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)


  • Best known nucleotide
  • Energy storage, carrier and transfer agent
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)


  Makes most of the nucleic acid found in cell
• Ribosomal RNA


  Most abundant type of RNA
• Nucleic acid


  Large molecules found in the nuclei of the cells in our bodies that store information
• Transfer RNA


  • Smallest of RNA molecules
  • Interprets the genetic information in mRNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)


  • Genetic materials in the nucleus of the cell
  • Contains all information for development
• Only tRNA can translate the genetic information in a living system into amino acids for proteins
• Genome


  Genetic information in the cell
• Acceptor stem


  Nucleotide sequence which is the end of a tRNA
• Replication


  Process where genome is copied exactly
• Anticodon


  Series of three bases of RNA that complement to the three bases of mRNA
• Genes


  Sections of DNA
• Transcription


  Synthesis of mRNA
• Codons


  Series of nucleotides in mRNA
• Mutation


  Change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
• Mutagens


  Chemicals that result in mutation
• Substitution or point mutation


  Replacement of one base in the template strand of DNA with another
• Frameshift mutation


  Base that is inserted or deleted from the normal order of bases in the template strand of DNA
• Genetic disease


  Protein deficiency is hereditary and caused by mutagens in its genetic code
• Tyrosine


  Amino acid needed for formation of Melanin
• Vitamin B3


  Active form of NADH, synthesized by tryptophan
• Vitamin D3


  Synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin
• Vitamins


  Organic compounds that are essential for maintenance of normal metabolism and development in animals
• Hypervitaminosis


  Overdose of vitamins
• Water-soluble vitamins


  Cannot be stored in body tissues, excess are excreted in Urine
• Fat-soluble vitamins


  Stored at liver and adipose tissue
• Vitamins


  Exist in inactive form but can be activated by irradiation or enzyme action
• Water-soluble vitamins


  Enter directly into the blood stream and absorbed by jejunum and duodenum