Midterm GE11 Reviewer

• LGBT


  Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender; an acronym used to refer to different genders
• Lesbian


  Women who are emotionally and sexually attracted to women
• Gay


  Men who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men
• Bisexual


  Man or woman who are emotionally and sexually attracted to men or women
• Transgender


  When your gender identity (how you feel) is different from your physical sex (male/female)
• Labels can be used to discriminate and oppress people, but also to empower people to claim their space in society
• Examples of labels used to avoid offense or disadvantage

  • Persons with disabilities instead of disabled
  • African American instead of blacks
  • LGBT instead of homosexuals
• Sexual and emotional attraction towards the same sex has been recorded throughout history of mankind
• Historical terms for same-sex attraction

  • Pleasures of the bitten peach (China 600 BCE)
  • Shudo or nanshoku (Japan)
  • Kathoey (Thailand)
  • Babaylan and catalonan (Philippines)
• In ancient Greek, all males are expected to take on a younger male lover in a practice called pederasty
• Some societies, like the indigenous Native Americans, accepted and celebrated what they called 'two-spirited' person
• Later cultures saw same-sex attractions as a "sin" following the Abrahamic Religion which branded it as sodomy, a crime against nature
• Homosexuality was classified as an illness in the 19th century as a basis for them to legally persecute homosexuals, imprison, and commit them to a mental institution
• In 1973, the APA removed homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder or a sickness after many years of struggle from the gay and lesbian liberation movement
• The ABC's of the LGBTQIA+


  • Lesbian
  • Gay
  • Bisexual
  • Transgender
  • Queer
  • Intersex
  • Asexual/Ally
  • Plus+
• Androgynous


  People whose gender expression (their physical appearance) may or may not be distinctly male or female
• Gender


  Your internal sense of being masculine or feminine or neither
• Gender identity


  How you feel, man, women, or neither
• Gender expression


  How you express your sense of being male or female or neither, maybe through hairstyle, clothes, etc.
• Sexual orientation


  Your emotional and sexual attraction to a person
• Sex assigned at birth

  Your given sex when were born based on your sex organ
• Cisgender


  When your gender identity matches with the sex you are assigned at birth
• Non-binary


  People who do not feel like a boy or a girl; they may feel like they are both or neither, so sometimes they use the pronouns they, them, and theirs
• Society attaches a lot of meanings to our biological sex or physical sex
• Parents unknowingly set up a gender-based pattern of raising their children upon knowing the biological sex of their babies
• This limited view on sexuality makes it harder for those who do not fit in the box of masculinity and femininity, like the lesbians, gays, and bisexuals
• Transgender


  An umbrella term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression, or behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth
• History tells us that in different cultures across the world and in different times in our history, there are people who lived their life expressing a gender that is different from their biological sex
• Identities under the transgender umbrella term

  • Transsexuals
  • FTM - female to male
  • MTF - male to female
  • Crossdressing
  • Drag kings and queens
  • Gender queer
• Transitioning to another gender is a very challenging process for many transgender people because of the social stigma, discrimination, medical cost, accessibility of medical treatment and support, oppressive laws in each country, and the threat of violence from prejudiced people
• The proper use of pronouns, he or she, should be observed when talking to a transgender person to show respect as a decent human being
• y, the number of these studies increased dramatically
• A growing body of literature theorizing men and masculinities focuses on a variety of topics including men's violence, fatherhood, pornography, men's crimes, female masculinity, male femininity, etc. These studies arose despite the clear dominance of men over global economic and political power. Men make up a large majority of corporate executives, top professionals, and holders of public office. Worldwide, men held 93% of cabinet-level posts in 1996 and most top positions in international agencies (Gierycz 1999)
• Proper use of pronouns


  To show respect, use "she" and "her" for a female, and "he" and "him" for a male
• Labels are popular and are constantly reinforced in the media
• Masculinity is a social, cultural, and historical construct dependent on and related to other factors such as class, ethnicity, sexuality, age, and disability
• Multiple Masculinity


  • There is no one pattern of masculinity that is found everywhere
  • Different cultures and different periods of history, construct masculinity differently
  • Some cultures make heroes of soldiers and regard violence as the ultimate test of masculinity
  • Others cultures look at soldiering with disdain and regard violence as contemptible
  • Some countries regard homosexual sex as incompatible with true masculinity
  • Others countries think that no person can be a real man without having had homosexual relationships
  • The meaning of masculinity in working-class life is different from the meaning in middle-class life and same goes among the very rich and the very poor
  • It is even possible that more than one kind of masculinity can be found within a given cultural setting and within a specific class
• This only shows that masculinities cannot be delimited to a sole definition or description as various countries, culture, and levels in life view this concept differently
• Hegemonic Masculinity


  • The pattern of practice that allowed men's dominance over women to continue
  • Embodied the currently most honored way of being a man, as it required all other men to position themselves in relation to it
  • Legitimated the global subordination of women to men
• Hegemonic Masculinity in Western society

  • Hinges on heterosexuality, economic autonomy, being able to provide for one's family, being rational, being successful, keeping one's emotions in check, and above all, not doing anything considered feminine
  • Stresses values such as courage, aggression, autonomy, mastery, technological skill, adventure, toughness in mind and body