Day 1

• Reading


  A complex cognitive process, transmission of images, and a language skill that can be developed through constant practice
• Reading Process


  1. Pre-Reading

  2. While-Reading

  3. Post-Reading
• Pre-Reading


  Aims to induce the readers' motivation to read and to activate their schema or background knowledge
• While-Reading


  Rereading the text until you fully understand its meaning
• Post-Reading


  Checking the understanding of the text
• Basic Reading Skills


  • Vocabulary acquisition
  • Pre-reading strategies
  • Textual comprehension
  • Organizational skills
  • Response techniques
• Rapid Reading


  Aims to locate specific information or main idea in a very short span of time
• Scanning


  Aims to get specific information from a given text
• Skimming


  Getting the main idea by reading through the text quickly
• Previewing


  A skill wherein a reader looks over a material and focuses on the information he/she finds relevant
• Inferential Reading


  The process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text
• Literal Reading


  Involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the printed material
• Critical Reading


  The close and thorough evaluation of the claims in the text in terms of relevance, validity, and logic
• Types of Reading


  • Developmental Reading
  • Pleasure Reading
  • Functional Reading
  • Remedial Reading
• Patterns of Development


  The logical arrangement of ideas that helps you follow, recognize, and easily understand the texts
• Types of Pattern Development


  • Definition
  • Exemplification/Classification
  • Description
  • Chronology/Procedure/Listing
  • Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution
  • Compare and Contrast
  • Persuasion
• Definition


  Helps in clarifying ideas by answering the question, "What does it mean?"
• Exemplification/Classification


  Organizes the idea; represents the general statement and provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main idea and clarify a point, argument, or concept
• Description


  Provides details on the idea by using sensory or spatial pattern or arranges ideas by location or physical space
• Chronology/Procedure/Listing


  Organizes ideas or events chronologically according to time. It can be in the form of narration, process, or enumeration
• Cause and Effect/Problem-Solution


  Organizes details based on the cause (problem), and the result (solution) of a certain action or phenomenon
• Compare and Contrast


  Organizes ideas based on how similar or different two concepts from one and another
• Persuasion


  Organizes ideas to show how set of evidence leads to logical conclusion or
• Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work as your own. It can involve borrowing an idea from a book without properly attributing it to the author or copying and pasting information from a website into a project you're working on
• Plagiarism is not a crime, but it is punishable by law based on the Copyright Infringement under Section 217 R.A. No. 8293 or the Intellectual property Code
• Summarizing


  1. Putting the main idea(s) into your own words but including only the main point(s)

  2. Skim read the information, take note of the sub headings, the first and last paragraphs, and topic sentences

  3. Read the text carefully, and use a dictionary if necessary. Reread difficult texts several times

  4. Write notes in point form using keywords and ideas

  5. Put the text away and start writing your summary from your notes

  6. Refer back to the original text to make sure that your summary truly reflects the writer's ideas and strength of opinion
• Paraphrasing


  Putting a passage from a source into your own words
• Direct Quoting


  An exact copy of words from a source
• When to use Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Direct Quoting

  • Summarize a text that has long citations
  • Paraphrase a short text with one or two sentences or a paragraph with a minimum of five sentences
  • Quote a text that conveys a powerful message or will show less impact if paraphrased or summarized
• Criteria in Evaluating Sources

  • Relevance to the Topic
  • Author's Qualification
  • Date of Publication
  • Accuracy of Information
  • Location of Sources
• We cite to give credit to the author of the original work, to promote scholarly writing, and to help your target audience to identify your original source
• Forms of Citations


  • In-text Citation
  • Reference Citation
• In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th Edition of the Publication Manual, which replaces the 6th Edition published in 2009
• APA Regulates


  • Style and language
  • Document format
  • In-text citations
  • References
• APA Style Guidelines


  • Use of clean and concise language
  • 3rd person POV
  • Pronouns should be "That" and "Which" while in animals and object "who"
  • Numerals under 10 should be spelled out and 10 above should be numbers
  • No use of HE and SHE it should be "they"
  • Avoid biased language that reveals sex, gender, race, disability, socio-economic status
  • Instead of using adjectives as nouns to label groups of people, descriptive phrases are preferred
  • Instead of broad categories, you should use exact age ranges that are more relevant and specific
• Basic Elements of a Reference List Entry

  • Surname first, followed by a comma and the initials
  • Use a comma to separate an author's initials from additional author names, even when there are only two authors
  • Use an ampersand (&) before the final author's name
  • Use one space between initials
  • End with a period
  • 21+ authors (include the first 19 authors names, insert and ellipsis then add the final authors name)
• Commonly Used Reference Types

  • Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in sentence case. Journal in title case, volume(issue), first page – last page. Doi
  • Lastname, A. (year). Title of the website article in sentence case. Name of the website in title case. www.website.com
  • Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in sentence case [doctoral of master's thesis or dissertation], Name of Institution, Location.
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Consumers act rationally by


  Maximising their utility
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits