Bio 2

• Tissues

  -        result of cell differentiation

  -        group of diff. cells perform common function
• HISTOLOGY- Study of animal and plant tissue
• Microtome - to cut tissues into ultrathin series
• Types of epithelial tissues

  • Simple epithelium - one layer
  • Stratified epithelium - more than one layers
• Types of simple epithelium

  • Simple squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple columnar
• Simple squamous epithelium


  • Single layer of flattened cells
  • Found in blood vessels & heart
• Simple cuboidal epithelium


  • Single layer of cubed cells
  • Found in tubules of kidney & ducts of glands
• Simple columnar epithelium


  • Single layer of elongated cells
  • Microvilli - extensions of cell membrane
  • Goblet cells at stomach & small intestine
  • Ciliated simple columnar epithelium - found in bronchioles & fallopian tube
• Pseudostratified epithelium


  Falsely stratified, columnar cells, tall + thin, irregular shapes, found in upper respiratory tract
• Connective tissues


  Dispersed cells & large extracellular, extracellular matrix, bind & support tissues
• Types of connective tissues

  • Loose connective tissues - areolar connective tissues
  • Dense connective tissues - closely pack bundles of collagen
  • Repicalar connective tissues - reticulocytes & reticular fibers
  • Elastic connective tissues - highly elastic
  • Hipose tissues - store fats
• Supportive Connective Tissue


  • Cartilage - chondrocytes & chondrin
  • Bones - hardened connective tissue
• Fluid connective Tissue


  • Blood - liquid matrix - blood plasma: erythrocytes (RBC) - leukocytes (WBC) - thrombocytes
• MUSCULAR TISSUES - responsible for movement

  1.     Skeletal - attached to bones - voluntary

  2.     Cardiac - walls of heart - involuntary

  3.     Smooth - non-striated, spindle - shape

  NERVOUS TISSUES - nerve cells called neurons
• Vegetative organs - allow plant to live and grow
• root anchors the plant to live and grow
• Stem is the main axis of the plant together with its branches
• The leaves are responsible for the manufacture of food by photosynthesis.
• Flowers, fruits, and seeds are organs involved in reproduction.
• Permanent tissues are further divided into surface (dermal), fundamental (ground), and vascular.
• meristems are made up of embryonic tissues called meristematic
• lateral meristems are called secondary meristems are found on the nodes of stem
• surface or dermal tissues cover and protect the surface
• epidermis of the leaf is an example of surface tissues
• fundamental or ground tissues form the main bulk of plants
• xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves via stem (one way)
• phloem - both direction
• leaves are the chief organs of plants for photosynthesis
• stomata looks like tiny mouths
• stem is above the ground structure that supports the leave
• herbaceous stems are soft
• woody stems are hard and rigid
• root enable plant to anchor
• root cap protects the plant from rock injury
• the energy-releasing process that is fueled by oxygen is called cellular respiration
• task of getting oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide is the respiratory system
• respiration is the overall exchange of gases
• breathing is taking air in and out of the lungs
• muscular tube in the upper throat is pharynx
• larynx or voicebox