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• Disaster


  An inherently unexpected and happening that comes quickly without any warning
• Natural disaster


  A natural phenomenon caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and extreme temperatures
• Types of natural disaster events

  • Geologic (volcanic activities, earthquakes, landslides)
  • Hydrometeorological (typhoons, floods, drought)
  • Astronomical (contact of heavenly bodies on earth)
• The Philippines has experienced an inexhaustible number of deadly typhoons, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, and other natural disasters due to its location along the Ring of Fire or typhoon belt
• Etymology of "disaster"

  French word "desastre", des (bad/wrong) and astre (star), means "abnormal formation of star"
• The commonality between the institutional definitions of disaster is that it is the prevalence of a severe disturbance of the normal or usual operation and life in the community caused by a hazardous event
• Disasters


  • They are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to hazard, the condition of vulnerability that are present, and the insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences
• Disaster impacts: loss of lives, injury, disease and other negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being, damage of properties and destruction of assets, loss of services, social and economic disruption, environmental degradation
• Natural disasters can be classified as rapid onset disasters and those with progressive onset, such as droughts that lead to famine
• Disaster


  The result of the combination of: The exposure to hazard, The condition of vulnerability that are present, The insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences
• Disaster impacts (according to SAMHSA 2017)

  • Loss of lives
  • Injury
  • Disease and other negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being
  • Damage of properties and Destruction of assets
  • Loss of services
  • Social and economic disruption
  • Environmental degradation
• Natural Disaster


  A natural phenomenon is caused by natural forces, such as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, fires, tornados, and extreme temperatures. They can be classified as rapid onset disasters and those with progressive onset, such as droughts that lead to famine. These events, usually sudden, can have tremendous effects.
• Kinds of Natural Disaster Events

  • Geologic - it is related to the ground and land formations such as volcanic activities, earthquakes, and landslides
  • Hydrometeorological - it is related to water, wind, temperature, precipitation, and other climate systems such as typhoons, floods, and drought
  • Astronomical - it is related to the contact of heavenly bodies on earth such as meteor showers, fall of an asteroid, and solar storm. An example of this is the 10.5kg meteorite named Pampanga that fell in the Philippines in 1859
  • Biological - it is related to biological hazards or biohazards caused by a widespread disease or epidemic on humans and animals, and agricultural pests. Examples of this is the outbreak of African Swine Fevers (ASF) that affected hogs, and COVID-19 pandemic that affected millions of people around the world
• Man-Made Disaster


  Disasters caused by man are those in which major direct causes are identifiable intentional or non-Intentional human actions.
• Categories of Man-Made Disaster

  • Technological/Industrial Disasters
  • Terrorism/Violence
  • Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
• Technological/industrial disasters


  Unregulated industrialization and inadequate safety standards increase the risk for industrial disasters. Example: leaks of hazardous materials; accidental explosions; bridge or road collapses, or vehicle collisions; Power cuts
• Terrorism/Violence


  The threat of terrorism has also increased due to the spread of technologies involving nuclear, biological, and chemical agents used to develop weapons of mass destruction. Example: bombs or explosions; release of chemical materials; release of biological agents; release of radioactive agents; multiple or massive shootings; mutinies
• Complex humanitarian emergencies


  The term complex emergency is usually used to describe the humanitarian emergency resulting from an international or civil war. In such situations, large numbers of people are displaced from their homes due to the lack of personal safety and the disruption of basic infrastructure including food distribution, water, electricity, and sanitation, or communities are left stranded and isolated in their own homes unable to access assistance. Example: conflicts or wars; genocide
• Risk


  Risk is defined as "the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences" (UNISDR, 2009). The term risk is thus multidisciplinary and is used in a variety of contexts. It is usually associated with the degree to which humans cannot cope (lack of capacity) with a situation (e.g. natural hazard).
• Disaster Risk


  The term disaster risk refers to the potential (not actual and realized) disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services which could occur in a community or society over some specified future time period. Disaster risk is the product of the possible damage caused by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community. It should be noted that the effect of a hazard (of a particular magnitude) would affect communities differently (Von Kotze, 1999:35).
• Disaster Risk Components


  • Hazard - it refers to the natural or human-made harmful and threatening events that can cause death and destruction.
  • Exposure - anything that is in contact to impact of a hazard either direct or indirect exposure of people that can cause minor to severe injury or even death. Properties exposed to hazards can be damaged or destroyed. Natural environment can be obliterated when faced with the impact of a hazard.
  • Vulnerability - people and communities are vulnerable if they are susceptible to the effects of hazardous events. Susceptibility means the weakness of people to resist the impact of hazard and protect their life, property, and keep their normal way of living. Structural vulnerability signifies the weakness of materials used in resisting the impact of hazard.
• Reduction of the level of vulnerability and exposure

  is possible by keeping people and property as distant as possible from hazards. We cannot prevent natural events from occurring so we should focus on addressing the reduction of vulnerability and exposure by identifying the factors which underlie disasters.
• Risk Factors


  are processes or conditions, often development-related, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity.
• Risk Factors


  • Severity of exposure - which measures those who experience disaster first-hand which has the highest risk of developing future mental problems, followed by those in contact with the victims such as rescue workers and health care practitioners and the lowest risk are those most distant like those who have awareness of the disaster only through news.
  • Gender and Family - the female gender suffers more adverse effects. This worsens when children are present at home. Marital relationships are placed under strain.
  • Age - adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after disasters but in general, children exhibit more stress after disasters than adults do.
  • Economic status of country - evidence indicates that severe mental problems resulting from disasters are more prevalent in developing countries like the Philippines. Furthermore, it has been observed that natural disasters tend to have more adverse effects in developing countries than do man-caused disasters in developed countries.
• Factors which underlie Disasters

  • Climate Change - can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways – by altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns. For most people, the expression "climate change" means the alteration of the world's climate that we humans are causing such as burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and other practices that increase the carbon footprint and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is in line with the official definition by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that climate change is the change that can be attributed "directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere, and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods"
  • Environmental Degradation - Changes to the environment can influence the frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to these hazards. For instance, deforestation of slopes often leads to an increase in landslide hazard and removal of mangroves can increase the damage caused by storm surges (UNISDR, 2009b). It is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs. Over consumption of natural resources results in environmental degradation, reducing the effectiveness of essential ecosystem services, such as the mitigation of floods and landslides. This leads to increased risk from disasters, and in turn, natural hazards can further degrade the environment.
  • Globalized Economic Development - It results in an increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale. Currently increasing the exposure of assets in hazard prone areas, globalized economic development provides an opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed. By participating in risk-sensitive development strategies such as investing in protective infrastructure, environmental management, and upgrading informal settlements, risk can be reduced. Dominance and increase of wealth in certain regions and cities are expected to have increased hazard exposure (Gencer, 2013).
  • Poverty and Inequality - Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The lack of access to insurance and social protection means that people in poverty are often forced to use their already limited assets to buffer disaster losses, which drive
• Mangroves


  Their removal can increase the damage caused by storm surges
• Disasters


  Both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs
• Over consumption of natural resources

  Results in environmental degradation, reducing the effectiveness of essential ecosystem services, such as the mitigation of floods and landslides
• Environmental degradation


  Leads to increased risk from disasters
• Natural hazards


  Can further degrade the environment
• Globalized Economic Development


  • Results in an increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale
  • Increases the exposure of assets in hazard prone areas
  • Provides an opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

  Psychological Condition
• Risk-sensitive development strategies


  Investing in protective infrastructure, environmental management, and upgrading informal settlements
• What I Know? 1. What is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

  • Congenital Condition
  • Neonatal Condition
  • Pre-existing Condition
  • Psychological Condition
• Poverty and Inequality


  • Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard-exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures
  • Lack of access to insurance and social protection means that people in poverty are often forced to use their already limited assets to buffer disaster losses, which drives them into further poverty
  • Poverty is both a cause and consequence of disaster risk
• Emotional aftershock


  Condition of people who develop stress reaction that negatively affect their physical and mental behavior after suffering from a disaster
• Extensive risk


  Drought being the hazard most closely associated with poverty
• Displaced population


  Effect of a disaster that causes a group of people forced to leave their homes
• Disasters on the poor


  Can cause loss of life, injury, damage, total loss of livelihoods, displacement, poor health, food insecurity
• Effects of a disaster

  • Displaced population
  • Emotional aftershock
  • Food scarcity
  • Health Risks