Infection and response

• Difference between benign and malignant tumour

  Benign-

  . dont move or spread

  Malignant-

  travel to other parts of the body

  .
• Risk factors of non communicable disease

  . Tobacco use

  .physical inactivity

  .unhealthy diet

  .harmful use of alchol
• Lines of defence

  . Skin

  .tears

  .hair

  .mucus

  .snot

  .ear wax
• Bacterial disease

  . salmonella

  .gonorrhea

  .cholera

  .TB
• Examples of Fungi disease

  . Rose black spot

  . Tobacco mosaic virus
• Examples of a virus -

  . measles

  .HIV

  .TMV
• Mitochondria-

  . Used for aerobic respiration
• What allows substances to come in and out of cell?

  . cell membrame
• What do plant and animal cells have that animals dont ?

  root hair cells
• Where are protines digested in body?


  stomach
• How to test for protine?

  biurent solution
• Double blind test

  • Unbiased opinions
  • Identical conditions - all practices kept the same, only the drug can impact the patients health
• Treating Diseases

  1. Infections are formed when a foreign pathogen enters the body

  2. Pathogens can damage cells directly or produce toxins

  3. Bacteria can reproduce rapidly in appropriate conditions
• Food bacteria


  • Salmonella
• 1.7 million people die each year from TB
• Pre-Clinical

  • Efficacy of drug
  • Toxicity of drug
• How is rose black spot treated?

  . Spray plant with fungicide

  .remove infected leaves
• Signs of rose black spot

  . small black/purple spots

  .yellow edges of leaf
• Transmission of rose black spot

  . Fungal spores

  . Air Wind water
• Superbug resistant to antibiotics

  • MRSA
• Antibiotics can't kill beslenia viruses
• Resistors

  Random mutations in Bacteria's DNA
• MRSA

  • Can reproduce rapidly
  • They produce genetically identical copies
  • All copies will be resistant
• The resistant bacteria will reproduce quickly


  The non-resistors will die
• Antibiotics

  Work by killing the cell wall of the bacteria
• Digitalis


  • Originates from foxgloves
• Digitalis discovered by William Withering


  200 years ago
• Aspirin


  • From willow trees
• Penicillin


  • Found from mould
• Vaccination

  1. Injecting

  2. A small

  3. Amount of dead

  4. Or inactive pathogen into

  5. Your body
• Your body then produces


  Anti-bodies against the pathogen
• Your body remembers for


  They respond quickly next time if you get infected again
• Memory cells


  Cells that allow your body to remember and respond quickly to a pathogen