NCM 101 Semis

• Nursing care


  Holistic and encompasses the client's perspectives on health, which are greatly influenced by the client's culture. Each person is born into a culture influenced by the place of birth and the family of origin.
• Culturally responsive care


  Care that is centered on the client's cultural point of view and integrates the client's values and beliefs into the plan of care.

  
• Delivering culturally responsive care

  1. Develop self-awareness of own culture, attitudes, and beliefs, and examine biases and assumptions about different cultures

  2. Gain necessary knowledge and skills to create an environment where trust can be developed with the client

  
• Culture


  Thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups
• Subculture


  Usually composed of people who have a distinct identity and yet are related to a larger cultural group. Examples include occupational groups, societal groups, and ethnic groups.
• Multicultural


  Used to describe a person who has multiple patterns of identification or crosses several cultures, lifestyles, and sets of values.
• Diversity


  The fact or state of being different. Factors include sex, age, culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, religious affiliation, and so on.
• Race


  A term with many definitions, often used interchangeably with the terms ethnicity and culture.
• Ethnicity


  A term often interchangeably used with race. Ethnicity may be viewed as a relationship among individuals who believe that they have distinctive characteristics that make them a group.
• Nationality


  Sometimes used interchangeably with ethnicity or citizenship. Generally refers to the sovereign state or country where an individual has membership.
• Religion


  A system of beliefs, practices, and ethical values about divine or superhuman power worshipped as the creator(s) and ruler(s) of the universe. Revealed in numerous denominations, organizations, sects, and cults.
• Ethnocentrism


  The belief in the superiority of one's own culture and lifestyle. Other viewpoints are not only considered different, but also wrong or of lesser importance.
• Xenophobia


  The fear or dislike of people different from one's self.
• Prejudice


  A preconceived notion or judgment that is not based on sufficient knowledge; it may be favorable or unfavorable. Unfavorable prejudice may lead to stereotyping and discriminatory behavior toward groups of people.
• Racism


  Assumptions held about racial groups, including the belief that races are biologically discrete and exclusive groups that are inherently unequal and ranked hierarchically. Cultural behaviors are viewed as inherited and exclusive to each group and form the basis of judging persons based on their racial classification.
• Institutional racism or institutional discrimination


  The denial of opportunities and equal rights based on race.
• Discrimination


  The negative treatment of individuals or groups on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, or other group membership. It occurs when rights and opportunities are denied for arbitrary or prejudicial reasons.
• Generalizations


  Statements about common cultural patterns. They may not hold true at the individual level and should serve only as openings for individuals to better understand each other.
• Stereotyping


  Making the assumption that an individual reflects all characteristics associated with being a member of a group.
• Health disparities


  The differences in care experienced by one population compared with another population. This can be in terms of quality of care or access to care.
• Determinants of health


  • Social determinants (gender, socioeconomic status, employment, education, food security, housing, transportation, racism, health system access and quality)
  • Behavioral determinants (overweight, obesity, exercise, substance use)
  • Environmental determinants (lead exposure, asthma triggers, workplace safety, living conditions)
  • Biological and genetic determinants (family history, inherited conditions)
• Cultural models of nursing care


  The responsibility of supporting cultural competence is shared among individual nurses, employers, educators, professional associations, regulatory bodies, unions, accreditation organizations, government and the public.

  
• Transcultural nursing


  Focuses on providing care within the differences and similarities of the beliefs, values, and patterns of cultures.
• Cultural competence


  The ongoing process in which the health care professional continuously strives to achieve the ability and availability to work effectively within the cultural context of the patient (individual, family, community).

  
• Constructs of cultural competence

  • Cultural desire (motivation to engage in becoming culturally aware, knowledgeable, skillful, and seeking encounters)
  • Cultural awareness (self-examination of prejudices and biases, exploration of own cultural/ethnic background)
  • Cultural knowledge (obtaining sound educational foundation on worldviews of different cultures)
  • Cultural skills (ability to collect culturally relevant data in a sensitive manner)
  • Cultural encounters (engaging in face-to-face interactions and learning to modify beliefs and prevent stereotyping)
• Health traditions model


  Predicated on the concept of holistic health and describes what people do from a traditional perspective to maintain, protect, and restore health. The model includes the body, mind, and spirit.

  
• Facets of the health traditions model

  • Traditional methods of maintaining health (physical, mental, spiritual)
  • Traditional methods of protecting health (physical, mental, spiritual)
  • Traditional methods of restoring health (physical, mental, spiritual)

  
• Symbolic examples


  • Thousand-year-old eggs (traditional foods to maintain physical health, China)
  • Enjoyment of nature (maintaining mental health)
  • Islamic prayer (maintaining spiritual health, East Jerusalem)
  • Red string (protecting physical health, Tomb of Rachel in Bethlehem, Israel)
  • Eye (protecting mental health, Cuba)
  • Thunderbird (spiritual protection and good luck, Hopi Nation)
  • Herbal remedy (restoring physical health, Africa)
  • Tiger balm (restoring mental health, Singapore)
  • Rosary beads (restoring spiritual health, Italy)
• Health belief views


  • Magico-religious (health and illness controlled by supernatural forces)
  • Scientific/biomedical (illness caused by germs, viruses, bacteria, or body breakdown)
  • Holistic (natural balance or harmony must be maintained)
• Folk medicine


  Beliefs and practices relating to illness prevention and healing that derive from cultural traditions rather than from modern medicine's scientific base.
• Family patterns


  The family is considered the basic unit of society, but the concept of family is complex and influenced by personal and social values. There is no agreed-on definition of family and there is great diversity in family types and structures.
• Communication and culture


  Communication and culture are closely interconnected. Through communication, the culture is transmitted from one generation to the next, and knowledge about the culture is transmitted within the group and to those outside the group.
• Verbal communication


  Cultural differences in vocabulary, grammatical structure, voice qualities, intonation, rhythm, speed, pronunciation, and silence.
• Translator


  Converts written material from one language into another.
• Interpreter


  Able to transform the message expressed in a spoken or signed source language into its equivalent in a target language, so that the interpreted message has the potential of eliciting the same response in the listener as the original message.
• Communication and culture


  Closely interconnected. Through communication, the culture is transmitted from one generation to the next, and knowledge about the culture is transmitted within the group and to those outside the group
• Communicating effectively with clients of various ethnic and cultural backgrounds

  Critical to providing culturally competent nursing care
• Verbal communication differences


  • Vocabulary
  • Grammatical structure
  • Voice qualities
  • Intonation
  • Rhythm
  • Speed
  • Pronunciation
  • Silence
• Translator


  Converts written material (such as client education pamphlets) from one language into another
• Interpreter


  Able to transform the message expressed in a spoken or signed source language into its equivalent in a target language, so that the interpreted message has the potential of eliciting the same response in the listener as the original message