biology paper 1

• stents keep the arteries open by inserting a tube to allow the blood to pass through
• statins reduces cholesterol by slowing down the production of fatty deposits
• statins may cause side effects memory loss and kidney failure but they reduce the risk of heart attacks
• the risk factors of cardio vascular disease is smoking obesity and drinking
• transpiration is the loss of water from the leaves of a plant through the stomata
• transpiration is effected by light intesity,temp,airflow,humidity the brighter/warmer/better airlow/dryer air the greater the transpiration rate
• bacteria are tiny and rapidly reproduce to produce toxins that damage cells and tissues
• viruses duplicate by bursting out of the host cell and replicating inside the host cell this is what makes a person feel ill
• protist are parasits that live on or in other organsims that cause damage
• fungi are single celled which penatrate the skin producing spores
• pathogens can spread by water air and direct contact
• viral diseases are measles which is spread by droplets from coughing or sneezing this can cause skin rash or swelling of brain
• a viral disease is hiv is spread by sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluid this can cause flu like symptoms can be treated with drugs
• a fungal disease is rose black spots only in plants causes leave to turn black/ purple spots spread by water and air
• a protist disease is malaria spread by things like mosquitos and infects the person it stings symptoms are fever and chills
• a bacteria disease is salmonella caused by food poising the symptoms are fever vomiting its caused by toxins
• antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses as antibiotics target cell walls and viruses do not have them
• to reduce bacteria disease being hyginic, isolating infected people and vaccinating
• a human body can fight a disease with defences like skin hair and stomach acid
• a human can fight a disease with white blood cells by engulfing it and digesting the pathogen this is called phagocytosis
• a human body can fight against disease by producing antibodies that will trap pathogens until white blood cells work then travel around the body
• a human can get a vaccination to protect them from further infections by injecting small amount off unactive pathogens to produce antibodies
• the pros to vaccination is to prevent outbreaks of diseases and to prevent the spread of disease
• the cons to a vaccination is that people may have a bad reaction and somtimes may not work
• chromosomes contain genetic info they are coiled up dna and there are usually 23 pairs#
• mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells by the separation of the nucleus and cytoplasm
• binary fission is the process by which bacteria divide to produce two new bacteria this is done by the content increasing in the middle and the cell dividing
• the effect of antibiotics on bactira growth practicle

  place antiobitic soaked discs onto agar plate the antibiotic will diffuse causing non-resistant bactira to die this will show the inhibition zone
• starch protiens and fats are too big the pass through the digestive system so they get broken down
• carbohydrases convert carbohyrates into simple sugars
• amalyse is a carbohydrasase that breaks down starch into glucose this is made in the salivary gland,panceras, and small intestine
• protease converts protiens into amino acids this is made in the stomach and pancreas and is released into the small intestine
• lipases converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol these are made in the pancreas and small intestine
• the break down of food is catlysed by enzymes
• the stomach pummels food it produces pepsin and hcl to kill baceria to give right ph for enzymes
• the liver produces bile and neutralizes stomach acid
• the gall bladder is where bile is stored and concentrated before being released into the small intestine
• the large intestine is where excess water is abosorbed and the nutrients are absorbed
• the small intestine is where food is absorbed into blood
• the pancreas produces emzymes that gets relesed into small intestine