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• Science


  • Latin scire meaning "know"
  • Latin Scientia meaning "Knowledge"
  • Middle English Science meaning knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws
  • Something (such as a sport or technique) that may be studied or learned like systematized knowledge
• Social Science


  A branch of discipline or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural aspects
• Social Sciences


  • Anthropology
  • Sociology
  • Political science
  • Economics
  • Psychology
  • Geography
• Natural Science


  • A branch of science that deals with the physical world
  • The branch of knowledge that deals with the study of the physical world
• Natural Sciences


  • physics
  • chemistry
  • geology
  • biology
• Social Science goes side by side with Natural Science as both branches of science. It is a branch of science primarily focuses on human society and social relationships.
• August Comte (1798-1857)


  • Focused on the idea of improving the development of the society and how it operates
  • Introduced the term Positivism - the use of scientific methods to present the laws in which societies and individuals interact would propel in a new "positivist" age of history
  • It allowed sociologists to study society scientifically through evidence, experiments, and statistics to clearly see the operations of the society
• Karl Marx (1818–1883)


  • A German philosopher and economist. He made Communist Manifesto (1848) with Friedrich Engels (1820–1895). This book presents Marx's theory of society, which different from the point of view Comte. He disagreed with Comte's positivism and believed that societies developed and progressed because of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.
• Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)


  • Defended sociology as a separate and independent field from psychology
  • The Division of Labor in Society (1893) tackles the transformation of a society from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society. Division of labor is seen as the separation and specialization of work among people
  • Suicide (1897). He searched different police districts to study suicide statistics that would reveal differences from the communities of Catholics and Protestants. The differences observed were linked to socioreligious forces rather than psychological causes of each person
  • It was proposed that suicide could be attributed not only to the temperament of the individual, but also to social influences. He examined different factors that play a role in an individual's life, like religion, social interaction, and gender.
• Max Weber (1864-1920)


  • He emphasized the role of rationalization in the development of society. It refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world
  • Introduced bureaucracy as an application of scientific way of life - an organization with formal procedures and standards; typically having a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and a hierarchy of authority
• Anthropology


  The systematic study of humanity, with the goal of understanding our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time
• Ethnography


  • Research method of long participant observation
  • Descriptive study of a particular human society
  • Contemporary ethnography: based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the anthropologist in the culture and everyday life of the people who are the subject of his study
• Subfields of Anthropology


  • Socio-cultural Anthropology
  • Biological Anthropology
  • Archeological Anthropology
• Socio-cultural Anthropology


  Studies the diversity of human societies in time and space, while looking for commonalities across them. It uses a holistic strategy—linking local and global, past, and present—to offer various approaches to understanding contemporary challenges.
• What Anthropologists Do


  • Conduct long term research in one or more communities
  • Participate in daily activities while they observe and engage with community members
• Aetas in the rural communities

  • Their old beliefs and practices had been influenced by modernization. It simply shows that the Aetas, are also susceptible to accept changes that may affect their way of life. Their traditional cultural practices that deeply rooted in their beliefs were difficult to neglect since it has already been part of their tradition for years
• Biological Anthropology


  • Study of human biological variation and evolution. Biological anthropologists seek to document and explain the patterning of biological variation among contemporary human populations, trace the evolution of our lineage through time in the fossil record, and provide a comparative perspective on human uniqueness by placing our species in the context of other living primates
  • Deals with the evolution of humans, their variability, and adaptations to environmental stresses. Using an evolutionary perspective, we examine not only the physical form of humans - the bones, muscles, and organs - but also how it functions to allow survival and reproduction.
• Discovery of a human third metatarsal from Callao Cave in northern Luzon


  • Direct dating of the specimen using U-series ablation has provided a minimum age estimate of 66.7 ± 1 ka (67,000), making it the oldest known human fossil in the Philippines.
• Archaeological Anthropology


  The study of past humans and cultures through material remains. It involves the excavation, analysis and interpretation of artifacts, soils, and cultural processes.
• Balangay Boats


  • The first balangay or Butuan Boat One, was discovered in 1976 and is now displayed in Balangay Shrine Museum in Libertad, Butuan City. It was radiocarbon tested and was dated to 320 CE. Butuan Boat Two was dated to 1250 CE, and is now located at the Maritime Hall of the National Museum in Manila. Butuan Boat Five, excavated at Bancasi, Libertad in 1986, has been dated to 1215 CE and was transferred to the Butuan Regional Museum and is undergoing preservation.
  • The balangay was the first wooden boat that was excavated in Southeast Asia. These boats were instrumental in the settlement of Austronesian peoples in the Philippines and the Malay Archipelago. It was used for cargo and trading, in which Butuan, Agusan de Norte, Philippines was a central trading port. Today, the Balanghai Festival in Butuan is a celebration of the first people who settled in the Philippines.
• Barangay


  A type of early Filipino settlement; the word is derived from balangay, the name for the sailboats that originally brought settlers of Malay stock to the Philippines from Borneo. Each boat carried a large family group, and the master of the boat retained power as leader, or datu, of the village established by his family.
• Politics


  An activity that involves people's interaction, whose relationship is characterized by conflict and cooperation, and who come together to solve disagreements through binding solutions
• Three Main Traditions of Defining Politics

  • Politics as War
  • Politics as Process
  • Politics as Participation
• Politics as War


  • Politics is a race for power among greedy individuals and groups. Power, in this tradition, is the most precious good to be acquired, for its acquisition is the answer to accumulating all other desirable goods, including wealth, prestige, and status.
  • Politics recognizes no one as we have witnessed relatives quarrel, sue, or even kill each other. Because of politics, some people set aside relationship and focus on their desire to acquire power or to remain in power.
  • Prussian General Karl Von Clausewitz - "War is the continuation of politics by other means." In other words, war and politics are two sides of the same coin. For both, the main objective is to defeat one's enemies.
  • New players in the field of politics are considered a threat and some use violent means by circulating black propaganda, filing a case, or eliminating them through the hiring of assassins.
• Politics as War


  • Roman Empire vs Israel 63 BCE
  • WW1 July 28, 1914-November 11, 1918
  • WW2 1941-July 5, 1945
  • Russia vs Ukraine
• New Forms of Politics as War

  • Political Ideologies - Ex: Liberal vs Democrat
  • Aquino vs Marcos
  • War on policies - Politics determine policies
• Politics as Process


  • Politics has been described as the procedures and processes by which offices, power, and goods are distributed as well as winners and losers are created.
  • Election and appointments through the Commission on Appointments
  • Political scientists call this as "procedural or formal democracies" - democracy is a set of procedures, such as regular election of political officeholders, offices open to all; a competitive party system, a universal suffrage and so on.
• Politics as Participation


  • In a democracy, sovereign power resides to the people. People decide on matters that affect their lives.
  • Politics is the involvement of the people in decision-making.
  • The Government is of the people, by the people, and for the people.
• People's Participation in Politics

  • Changing the name of streets, electing and removing of officials in position, up to the amending of the constitution, people should be involved not because it is their government but because they know what is best for them.
• "Full participation in the public life of society is a key to human freedom, progress, and fulfilment" – Aristotle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, and anarchist Mikhail Bakunin
• Freedom manifests when the individual obey the laws where he/she participated in the process of making it.
• Political Science


  The study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives. It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war.
• International Relations


  Attempts to explain the interactions of states in the global interstate system, and it also attempts to explain the interactions of others whose behavior originates within one country and is targeted toward members of other countries.
• International Organizations


  • United Nations
  • ASEAN
  • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
  • European Union
• United Nations (UN)


  • An international organization founded in 1945. Currently made up of 193 Member States, the UN and its work are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter.
  • As World War II was about to end in 1945, nations were in ruins, and the world wanted peace. Representatives of 50 countries gathered at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California from 25 April to 26 June 1945. For the next two months, they proceeded to draft and then sign the UN Charter.
• International Relations


  Attempts to explain the interactions of states in the global interstate system, and it also attempts to explain the interactions of others whose behavior originates within one country and is targeted toward members of other countries
• International organizations


  • United Nations
  • ASEAN
  • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
  • European Union
• United Nations (UN)


  An international organization founded in 1945, currently made up of 193 Member States, guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter
• As World War II was about to end in 1945, nations were in ruins, and the world wanted peace. Representatives of 50 countries gathered at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California from 25 April to 26 June 1945. For the next two months, they proceeded to draft and then sign the UN Charter, which created a new international organization, the United Nations, which, it was hoped, would prevent another world war like the one they had just lived through.
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

  Established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Brunei Darussalam joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, followed by Viet Nam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is today the ten Member States of ASEAN.