The kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles and these particles are in constant motion
SOLIDS
Particle arrangement - Very closely packed in an orderly manner
Attractive forces between particles - Very strong
Kinetic energy of particles - Very low
Particle movement - Vibrate about fixedpositions
Shape - definite
Volume - definite
compressibility - No
LIQUID
Particle arrangement - closely packed in an disorderly manner
Attractive forces between particles - strong
Kinetic energy of particles - low
Particle movement - Slide past one another freely throughout the liquid
Shape - indefinite
Volume - definite
compressibility - No
GASES
Particle arrangement - Very far apart in a disorderly manner
Attractive forces between particles - Very weak
Kinetic energy of particles - high
Particle movement - move quickly and randomly in any direction
Shape - indefinite
Volume - indefinite
compressibility - yes
Solid - Gas is sublimation
Gas - Solid is vapour deposition
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Particles have higher kinetic energy at higher temperatures
Particles of larger mass will require more kinetic energy to move at any given temperature, heavier particles will diffuse slower than lighter particles
Increase in temperature - increase in rate of diffusion
Increase in particle mass - decrease in rate of diffusion
Number of protons in an atom = number of electrons in that atom
Protons
Relative mass - 1
Relative charge - +1
Location in the atom - nucleus
Neutrons
Relative mass - 1
Relative charge - 0
Location in the atom - nucleus
Electrons
Relative mass - 1/1840
Relative charge - -1
Location in the atom - electron shells
The proton number(Z) is the number of protons in an atoms nucleus.
The nucleon number(A) is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Nuclide notation
A) mass number
B) atomic number
An ion is the particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, but the number of protons and neutrons remains the same
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same proton number but different nucleon numbers. This means that they have different number of neutrons
Electrons in the innermost shell have the least energy
Electrons in the valence shell have the highest energy