Kinetic particle theory

• The kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles and these particles are in constant motion
• SOLIDS

  Particle arrangement - Very closely packed in an orderly manner

  Attractive forces between particles - Very strong

  Kinetic energy of particles - Very low

  Particle movement - Vibrate about fixed positions

  Shape - definite

  Volume - definite

  compressibility - No
• LIQUID

  Particle arrangement - closely packed in an disorderly manner

  Attractive forces between particles - strong

  Kinetic energy of particles - low

  Particle movement - Slide past one another freely throughout the liquid

  Shape - indefinite

  Volume - definite

  compressibility - No
• GASES

  Particle arrangement - Very far apart in a disorderly manner

  Attractive forces between particles - Very weak

  Kinetic energy of particles - high

  Particle movement - move quickly and randomly in any direction

  Shape - indefinite

  Volume - indefinite

  compressibility - yes
• Solid - Gas is sublimation
• Gas - Solid is vapour deposition
• Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
• Particles have higher kinetic energy at higher temperatures
• Particles of larger mass will require more kinetic energy to move at any given temperature, heavier particles will diffuse slower than lighter particles
• Increase in temperature - increase in rate of diffusion
• Increase in particle mass - decrease in rate of diffusion
• Number of protons in an atom = number of electrons in that atom
• Protons

  Relative mass - 1

  Relative charge - +1

  Location in the atom - nucleus
• Neutrons

  Relative mass - 1

  Relative charge - 0

  Location in the atom - nucleus
• Electrons

  Relative mass - 1/1840

  Relative charge - -1

  Location in the atom - electron shells
• The proton number(Z) is the number of protons in an atoms nucleus.
• The nucleon number(A) is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
• Nuclide notation

  A) mass number

  B) atomic number

  
• An ion is the particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, but the number of protons and neutrons remains the same
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same proton number but different nucleon numbers. This means that they have different number of neutrons
• Electrons in the innermost shell have the least energy
• Electrons in the valence shell have the highest energy