Biology P1

• a bacteria disease is salmonella caused by food poisoning the symptoms are fever and vomiting and is caused by toxins
• to reduce bacteria diseases ; be hygienic, isolate infected individuals and vaccinating
• a human body can fight a disease with defenses such as skin hair and stomach acid
• a human can fight a diseases with white blood cells by engulfing and digesting the pathogen this is called phagocytosis
• a human body can fight against diseases by producing antibodies that will trap pathogens until the white blood cells work then travel around the body
• a human can can get a vaccination to protect them from further infections by injecting a small amount of unactive pathogens to produce antibodies
• the pros to vaccination is to prevent to prevent big out breaks of diseases and to control communicable diseases
• the cons to vaccination is that people may have a bad reaction and sometimes they cannot work
• chromosomes contain genetic information they are coiled up DNA and their usually 23 pairs
• mitosis is growth and DNA replication this is done by the separation of the nucleus and cytoplasm
• binary fission is the duplication of bacteria this is done by this is done with the content increasing in the middle and the cell dividing
• the effect on antibiotic on bacteria growth practical

  place antibiotic soaked disc on the agar plate and the antibiotic will diffuse causing the non-resistant bacteria to die this will show the inhibition zone
• starch protein and fats are too big to pass through the digestive system so they get broken down
• carbohydrates convert carbohydrates into simple sugars
• amylase is a carbohydrates that breaks down starch into glucose this is made in the salivary gland, pancreas, small intestine
• protease convert proteins into amino acids this is made in the stomach pancreas and small intestine
• lipase convert lipids into fatty acids and glycerol are made in the pancreas and small intestine
• they break down the food is catalyses by enzymes
• the stomach pummels it produces pepsin and hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria to give the right pH to enzymes
• the liver produces bile and neutralizes stomach acids
• the gall bladder is where bile is stored and released in and concentrated before being released into the small intestine
• the large intestine is where excess water is absorbed
• the small intestine is where food is absorbed into the blood
• the pancreas produces enzymes that get releases into the small intestine
• a tissue is a group of similar cells and similar function working together to carry out a particular function
• organs are a group of tissues that work together to preform a specific function e.g the stomach moves to churn food
• the organ system is a group of organs working together to preform a specific function
• enzymes have a special shape that allows substrates to fit into the active site which catalizes their reaction
• the pH and temperature must be right for the reaction to happen if its too hot the enzyme will become de-natured if its too cold the reaction wont be fast enough they usually have a pH of 7
• Benedict's is used to test for sugars if present the solution will turn from blue to green, yellow or red
• iodine solution is used to test for starch and glucose if present the solution will turn from brown to black
• Biuret solution is used to test for proteins id present the solution will turn from blue to purple
• Sudan-3 is used to test for lipids if present it will separate into 2 layers and turn red
• diffusion is the moment of particles of an area of high concentration to low concentration only small molecules can diffuse through membrane such as glucose, amino acids
• osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
• you can observe how sugar solutions effect plant tissues

  cutting up a potato places into various concentration of sugar solutions and 1 water and record the mass of potato before and after
• the lungs pathway is trachea then the bronchi the bronchioles then into the alveoli where gas exchange takes place
• the heart has 4 chambers the left and right atrium and left and right ventricle the the aorter and pulmonary vein pump oxiginated blood into the body
• the pulmonary artery and the vena cava pump de oxiginated blood from the lungs to the heart
• the heart has valves that keeps it a one way system