digestive system, organisation, enzymes

• what is the order of organization hierarchy? (smallest to largest)

  organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
• define cell

  the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism (eg. nerve cell)
• define tissue

  group of cells that are similar in structure and function (eg. muscle tissue)
• define organ

  a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions (eg. heart)
• define organism


  a group of organ systems working together (eg. human)
• the digestive system is found where in the structural hierarchy?

  an organ system
• what is the digestive system's purpose?

  to digest and absorb nutrients from the food we consume
• what are some examples of macronutrients?

  carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
• what are some examples of micronutrients?

  vitamins, minerals, fibres
• what are carbohydrates needed for?

  energy
• What are carbohydrates made of?

  sugars
• what are carbohydrates found in?

  bread, potatoes, beans, dairy
• what is protein needed for?

  growth, repair, maintenance
• what is protein made of?

  amino acids
• what is protein found in?

  meat, fish, eggs, nuts, dairy products
• what are lipids needed for?

  energy storage, insulation and protecting organs
• What are lipids made of?

  glycerol and fatty acids
• what are lipids found in?

  fats, oils, dairy, avocado, meats
• what are vitamins needed for?

  energy metabolism, keeping the body balanced
• what are vitamins made of?

  small molecules that are organic substances
• what are vitamins found in?

  fruit, veg, meat, fish, sunlight
• what are minerals needed for?

  healthy bones and teeth and to build other tissues
• what are minerals made of?

  small molecules found in trace amounts (eg. potassium, iron, Mg)
• what are minerals found in?

  fruit, veg, meat
• what are fibers needed for?

  assist in digestion and keeps the process regular
• what are fibers made of?

  large molecules that cannot be absorbed into blood
• what can fibers be found in?

  found in bread, cereals, grains, beer
• what is differentiation?

  the process by which cells become specialized
• what is a catalyst?


  substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed or using up during the reaction
• what are enzymes?

  biological catalysts
• what is the active site?


  the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds and breaks down
• what are the factors that affect enzyme activity?

  temperature, pH, substrate concentration
• what are substrates?

  reactants in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction (lock and key)
• define denaturation

  an enzyme that has lost its shape and can no longer function
• what do enzymes do to our metabolism?

  enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions that take place in our bodies
• what are carbohydrases?


  enzymes that break down carbohydrates
• what are the sites of production?

  amylase, protease, lipases
• what is amylase?


  enzyme that breaks down starch into simple sugars
• what are proteases?


  enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids
• what are lipases?


  enzymes that break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol