Forensic

• Fingerprints examination development of the Philippines

  The history of fingerprints in the Philippines could be traced back in 1901. A certain Jones, who taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary, had introduced finger the Philippines. However, the first Filipino fingerprint technician was GENEROSO REYES, who was employed in the Philippine Constabulary
• The first conviction in the Philippine court through the use of fingerprint as evidence was the case of People of Philippines VS Medina was convicted of the crime of robbery
• Early methods of identification

  • Branding
  • Mutilation
  • Tattooing
  • Descriptive Clothing
  • Measurement of the height (Quételet's method)
  • Photographic Eye (Eugene François Vidocq method)
  • Photographing (Daguerrotyping)
  • Anthropological Measurement or Bort lingo
• Anthropological Measurement


  A method of criminal identification introduced by Alphonse Bertillion, a French Anthropologist. Bertillion believed that certain body parts especially the bone is unchangeable. Bones do not change in dimensions after adulthood, and therefore by taking measurement of another bone the identity of an individual can be established
• The supremacy of Bertillion system infiltrates worldwide and was accepted for almost 30 years. Until in 1903, when the case of Will West and William West unveiled and destroyed the credibility and the reliability of the Bertillion System
• Will West and William West Case

  Will West was convicted of a certain crime and was committed to the US. Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kanas. Upon his commitment to the penitentiary and after his measurement, authorities have found out that Mr. West Indeed a repeat offender. Mr. West mightily protested this charge, and upon further examination of the records, the jailers discovered that Will West and William West are two different persons, with the same Bertillon measurements. Per prison records discovered later, the West men were apparently identical twin brothers and each had a record of correspondence with the same immediate family relatives
• Identification methods and their chances of failure

  • Measurement of height (Quetelet's method) - 1 in 4
  • Comparison of Public hair - 1 in 800
  • Comparison of Scalp hair - 1 in 4500
  • Anthropometry (Bertillon's method) - 1 in 268 million
  • Teeth bite marks - 1 in 2.5 billion
  • Dactylography (Fingerprints) - 1 in 64 billion
  • DNA Fingerprinting - 1 in 2 x 10^22
• Anthropometry


  The art of personal identification through body measurement
• Dactylography


  The art of fingerprint recording for identification purposes
• Dactyloscopy


  The science of fingerprint. It derived from the words "dactylos" which means fingers, and "skopien" which means "to examine"
• Edgeoscopy


  The study of the characteristics of ridge edge for comparison purposes
• Fingerprint


  A reproduction of some smooth surface of the hand form by ridges and furrow
• Friction ridges


  Raised strips of the skin of the inside of the end joints of the fingers and thumbs by which fingerprints are made; it is sometimes called papillary ridge or epidermal ridges
• Polydactylism


  The appearance of extra fingers as anatomically known
• Pores


  Tiny holes of the skin where sweat and other secretion may come out
• Ridgeology


  The study of poroscopy, edgeocopy, and ridge characteristics for the purpose of positive identification of fingerprints
• Chiroscopy


  The science that deals with the study of the palm print in relation to identification
• Podoscopy


  The science deals with the study of sole of human foot for identification purposes
• Poroscopy


  The science that deals with of the study human pores or sweat gland. This method of identification is introduced by Edmond Locard
• Dogmatic Principle of Fingerprint

  • Principle of Individuality - No two persons have the same fingerprint pattern
  • Principle of Permanency - Fingerprint of every individual will remain unchangeable until one losses his life and decomposed
  • Principle of Infallibility - Fingerprint is reliable. It is a positive science. It cannot be forged
• Skin


  The body's largest organ. It consists of several types of tissues that function together. It helps prevent harmful microorganism and hazardous chemicals into the body, regulates temperature, excretes some waste product, and protects from damaging sunrays
• Layers of the skin

  • Epidermis - The upper or the outer layer of the skin, is a tough, waterproof, protective layer
  • Dermis - The lower or the inner layer of the skin. It is made up mainly of fibrous proteins and large molecules
• Kinds of sweat glands

  • Eccrine glands - Found in all parts of the body and are the only sweat glands found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
  • Apocrine glands - Found in the pubic, mammary and anal areas
  • Sebaceous glands - Located on the forehead, chest, back and abdomen with an oily secretion called sebum
• Two component parts of the friction skin

  • Ridges - Tiny elevation or hill like structure
  • Furrows - The depressions or canals
• Ridge characteristics


  • Bifurcation - One single ridge that split into two or more branches or forking
  • Ridge enclosure - A ridge formed by a bifurcation but does not remain open, after running along side by side for a short distance, the splitting ridge meet again to form a single ridge
  • Ridge ending - A point where ridge terminates or ends
  • Ridge bridge - A ridge that connects one ridge to the other, it is sometimes called "railway tie"
  • Diverging ridge - The splitting apart of two ridges after running parallel
  • Converging ridge - The meeting of two ridges
• Ridges


  Tiny elevation or hill-like structures
• Furrows


  Depressions or canals
• Ridge characteristics


  • Bifurcation
  • Ridge enclosure
  • Ridge ending
  • Ridge bridge
  • Diverging ridge
  • Converging ridge
  • Ridge hook or spur
  • Dot
  • Appendage
  • Short
  • Fragmentary ridge
• Bifurcation


  One single ridge that splits into two or more branches or forking
• Ridge enclosure


  A ridge formed by a bifurcation but does not remain open, after running along side by side for a short distance, the splitting ridge meet again to form a single ridge
• Ridge ending


  A point where a ridge terminates or ends
• Ridge bridge


  A ridge that connects one ridge to another, sometimes called "railway tie"
• Diverging ridge


  The splitting apart of two ridges after running parallel
• Converging ridge


  The meeting of two ridges after running parallel
• Ridge hook or spur


  A bifurcation in which one branch is remarkably short, ending near the original split or fork
• Dot


  A very short island, of basically equal length and width
• Appendage


  A short ridge at the top or summit of a recurve usually at a right angle
• Short


  Ridges which are remarkably shorter than others
• Fragmentary ridge


  A group or series of short ridges less than 3mm in length
• Delta


  The first obstruction at or in front of and nearest the center of the point of divergence of the type lines