SIGMUND FREUD

• Psychoanalysis


  • Armand Vincent A. Sese, RPm, LPT
  • Gerald A. Escleto, RPm, MCE

  
• Sigmund Freud


  • Drawn to medicine out of curiosity about human nature
  • Preferred teaching and research in physiology
  • Described to have depression, neurosis, psychosomatic ailments and intense preoccupation of creative activity
  • Suffered from self-doubts, depression and obsession with his own death at midlife
  • Famous works include Interpretation of Dreams, Studies on Hysteria, Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
  • Founded International Psychoanalytic Association with Jung as President
  • Goethe prize winner
  • Had disdain for Americans, believed they would trivialize his work
• Conscious


  Mental elements in awareness
• Preconscious


  Elements that are not conscious but can readily be brought to mind when needed
• Unconscious


  • Drives, urges and instincts that are beyond our awareness
  • Concept of phylogenetic endowment - inherited unconscious images
• Id


  • Exists completely on the unconscious level
  • Operates by the pleasure principle
• Ego


  • Only region of the mind in contact with reality
  • Governed by the reality principle
  • Executive branch of the personality
• Superego


  • Guided by the moral and idealistic principles
  • No contact with the outside world
  • Unrealistic demands for perfection
  • Develops primarily from internalized patterns of reward and punishment
• Conscience


  • Results from experiences with punishments
  • Tells us what we should NOT do
• Ego-Ideal


  • Develops from experiences with rewards
  • Tells us what we SHOULD do
• Dynamics of Personality


  • Freud's motivational principle to explain driving forces behind people's actions
  • Motivated to seek pleasure and reduce tension and anxiety
• Trieb


  • Freud's term for a drive or stimulus within a person
  • Translated as "instinct"
  • Drives operate as a constant motivational force
• Two types of instincts

  • Eros/Sex - Life instincts
  • Thanatos/Aggression - Death instincts
• Libido


  Energy associated with all the life instincts
• Four components of instincts

  • Impetus - amount of energy used to satisfy the impulse
  • Source - where the need arises, a deficiency of some kind
  • Aim - To seek pleasure and reduce the need/tension
  • Object - Experiences, objects, or actions that reduce body deficiency and allow satisfaction
• Sex


  • The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure, but is not limited to genital satisfaction
  • Erogenous Zones
  • All pleasurable activity is traceable to sexual drive
  • Sex can take many forms including Narcissism, Love, Sadism, and Masochism
• Aggression


  • Unhappy experiences during WW1 and death of his beloved daughter, Sophie
  • The aim of destructive drive is to return the organism to an inorganic state
  • Can take several forms such as gossip, humiliation, enjoyment of people's sufferings
  • Serves as the explanation for wars and religious persecutions
• Anxiety


  • A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger
  • Only the ego can produce or feel anxiety, but the id, superego, and external world each are involved in one of the three kinds: Realistic, Neurotic, Moral
• Defense Mechanisms


  • Ego's purpose is to avoid dealing with sexual and aggressive impulses and to defend itself against the anxiety that accompanies them
  • Examples: Repression, Reaction Formation, Displacement, Projection, Regression, Introjection, Sublimation, Fixation, Denial, Rationalization, Intellectualization
• Psychosexual Stages of Development

  • Experiences during these stages will later determine adult personality characteristics
  • First 4-5 years of life are the most crucial for personality formation
  • Erogenous Zone - greatest source of pleasure and stimulation
  • Fixation - over gratification and under gratification
• Psychosexual Stages


  • Oral (0-1 yr old)
  • Anal (2-3 yr old)
  • Phallic (3-6 yr old)
  • Latency (6-12 yr old)
  • Genital (12-18 yr old)
• Oral Stage

  • Erogenous Zone: Mouth
  • Oral Incorporative - gullible, good listener
  • Oral Aggressive - nail biting, smoking, making biting remarks, sarcasm
• Anal Stage

  • Erogenous Zone: Anus, Sphincter muscle
  • Anal Expulsive Character - overly generous, messy
  • Anal Retentive Character - stinginess, orderliness, compulsively clean
• Phallic Stage

  • Erogenous Zone: Phallus/Genital
  • Terms to know: Penis Envy, Oedipus Complex, Castration Anxiety
• Latency Stage

  • Erogenous Zone: None
  • Personality is generally completed by this stage
• Genital Stage

  • Erogenous Zone: Genitals
  • The final stage following puberty
• Purpose of Psychoanalytic Therapy

  • To uncover repressed memories
  • To strengthen the ego, make it more independent of the superego, widen its field of perception and enlarge its organization, so that it can appropriate fresh portions of the id
• Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory

  • Free Association
  • Dream Analysis - Manifest Content vs Latent Content
  • Freudian Slips - Parapraxes
  • Humor