Cell Structure

• What is the cell-surface membrane in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells made of?

  A Phospholipid bilayer
• What is the bilayer responsible for?

  Controlling the passage of substances across exchange surfaces.
• What do prokaryotic cells make up?

  singled-celled prokaryotic organisms (e.g. bacteria and archaea)
• What do eukaryotic cells make up?

  Complex eukaryotic organisms (e.g. animals, plants, fungi, and algae)
• Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
• How are cells made in prokaryotes?

  Binary fission
• How are cells made in eukaryotes?

  mitosis or meiosis
• Prokaryotic cells contain no membrane-bound organelles.
• What organelles are found in most animal cells?

  Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes.
• Animal cells are enclosed by a cell membrane.
• What organelles are additionally found in plant cells?

  Chloroplasts (the site of photosynthesis), cell wall (made of cellulose and contains plasmodesmata, where cells exchange substances through), central vacuole (a repository of cell sap).
• What organelles do algal cells contain?

  the same as plant cells
• What organelles do fungal cells contain?

  The same as plant cells however there are no chloroplasts, and the cell walls of fungal cells are made from chitin instead of cellulose.
• Which cells contain organelles?

  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• What is the nuclear envelope?

  Double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm. Both the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are phospholipid bilayers.
• What do the pores in the nuclear envelope control?

  The passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
• What is the nucleoplasm?

  The semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus where chromatin and the nucleolus is found.
• In eukaryotes, the nucleus contains linear chromosomes that are made up of DNA
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  The nucleus controls the actions of the cell. DNA in the nucleus contains instructions for the synthesis of proteins. rRNA is joined together with associated proteins in the nucleolus to assemble to ribosomal subunits.
• The nucleolus is the largest sub-structure within the nucleus.
• What is the nucleolus made of?

  Proteins, RNA and DNA
• What is the main role of the nucleolus?

  Ribosome production
• What are some secondary roles of the nucleolus?

  immobilising proteins and forming signal recognition particles
• What are the folds in the inner layer of the mitochondria membrane called?

  Cristae
• What is the area in the mitochondria surrounded by the folds called?

  Mitochondrial matrix
• The mitochondrial matrix contains enzymes used for respiration.
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Make ATP via aerobic respiration
• What is ATP?

  Source of energy
• Why do muscle cells have a very high concentration of mitochondria?

  They are highly active and need a lot of energy to keep the body moving
• Chloroplasts have their own DNA, ribosomes and have inner and outer membranes.
• The space enclosed by the chloroplasts inner membrane contains a set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids.
• Each stack of thylakoids is called a granum (plural = grana)
• What are grana linked by?

  Lamellae
• What are lamellae?

  flat, thin parts of a thylakoid membrane
• What is the fluid enclosed by the inner membrane that surrounds the grana called?

  stroma
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Photosynthesis
• Where are chloroplasts found?

  Plant and algal cells
• What is photosynthesis?

  The series of reactions that use carbon dioxide, water and light energy to make glucose and oxygen
• What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

  Stacks of flattened membranous sacs.
• As the proteins and lipids travel through the golgi, they are sorted, packaged and tagged so that they can be sent to the right place.