GenBio

• Organismal biology


  The study of structure, function, ecology, and evolution at the level of the organism
• Tissue


  Cellular organizational level intermediate between cells and a complete organism
• Histology


  The study of tissue
• Histopathology


  The study of tissue in connection with diseases
• Levels of organization of living things

  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organ and Organ System
  • Organisms, Populations, and Communities
  • Ecosystems
  • The Biosphere
• Importance of tissue


  • Formation of tissues has brought about a division of labour in multicellular organisms
  • Tissues become organized to form organs and organ systems
  • As a result of improved organization and higher efficiency, multicellular organisms have higher survival
• Characteristics of plant tissues

  • Autotrophic
  • Prepare their own food by photosynthesis
  • Stationary and do not move from place to place, hence they do not need much energy
  • Most of the tissues in plants are dead and provide structural strength
• Characteristics of animal tissues

  • Heterotrophic
  • Move in search of food and, hence need more energy compared to plants
  • Most of the tissues that they have are living
• Plant tissue systems


  • Epidermal tissue
  • Ground tissue
  • Vascular tissue
• Types of plant tissues

  • Meristematic tissues
  • Permanent tissues

  
• Meristematic tissues


  Composed of immature cells and are regions of active cell division
• Types of meristematic tissues

  • Apical meristem
  • Lateral meristem
  • Intercalary meristem

  
• Apical meristem


  Responsible for the increase in the length of the plant body

  
• Lateral meristem


  Responsible for the increase in girth or diameter
• Intercalary meristem


  Promote the lengthening of the stem and increase the height of the plant
• Permanent tissues


  Cells of this tissue have lost their ability to divide and they have a specialized structure to perform specific functions
• Types of permanent tissues

  • Simple permanent tissue
  • Complex permanent tissue
• Simple permanent tissues


  • Dermal (Surface) Tissue System
  • Ground Tissue System
• Dermal (Surface) Tissue System

  Found in the outermost layer of the plant made up of cells called epidermis
• Ground Tissue System


  Composed of tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular, has roles in photosynthesis, storage, and support of the plant body
• Types of ground tissues

  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma
• Parenchyma


  Found on leaves and has a function for photosynthesis, provides mechanical strength by maintaining turgidity and also store waste products

  
• Collenchyma


  Supports of stems and adapt themselves to the rapid elongation of leaves

  
• Sclerenchyma


  Provides elasticity, flexibility, and rigidity to the plant body forming support

  
• Complex permanent tissue


  Consist of more than one type of cells
• Components of the vascular tissue system

  • Xylem
  • Phloem
• Xylem


  Moves water and minerals from the roots
• Phloem


  Moves sugar and nutrients from the site of photosynthesis (leaves) to other parts of the plant
• Types of animal tissues

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nerve
  • Muscle
• Epithelial tissue


  The outermost covering of the animal just like the dermal tissue in plants, also found lining the organs and cavities inside an animal's body
• Types of epithelial tissues

  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Stratified cuboidal epithelium
  • Stratified columnar epithelium
  • Transitional epithelium
• Connective tissue


  Made up of cells widely distributed in the extracellular matrix (the space outside and in between cells), responsible for keeping tissues and organs together and in place
• Types of connective tissues

  • Bones
  • Adipose (fat)
  • Blood
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
• Muscle tissue


  Enables body movement, made up of the proteins, actin, and myosin, which are responsible for muscle contraction
• Types of muscle tissues

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
• Nerve tissue


  Functions mainly in information processing which has the brain as the information processing center, made up of the nerve cells or neurons and glial cells or glia
• Differences between animal and plant tissues

  • Animal tissues require more energy and more living tissues, cell growth is uniformly distributed, structural organization of organs and organ systems is specialized and more complex
  • Plant tissues do not require more energy and more living tissues, cell growth is limited to certain regions, structural organization of organs is comparatively less complex
• Sperm


  The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament (stalk) supporting the anther
• Anther


  The part of the stamen where pollen/sperm is produced through a special type of cell division called meiosis

  
• Carpel


  Where the eggs are found, made up of stigma, style, and ovary