Chemistry

• Matter


  Made up of particles whose properties determine the characteristics of matter and its reactivity
• Properties of a material

  • Strength
  • Thermal conduction
  • Thermal insulators
  • Electrical conductors
  • Electrical insulater
  • Brittle
  • Plastic
  • Malleable
  • Ductile
  • Magnetic
  • Non-magnetic
  • Density
  • Boiling
  • Melting Point
  • Freezing Point
• Strength


  The ability of a material to resist stress and strain
• Thermal conduction


  Substance that can conduct heat
• Thermal insulators


  Substance that cannot conduct heat
• Electrical conductors


  Substance that allows charge to pass through it
• Electrical insulater

  Substance that does not allow charge to pass through it
• Brittle


  Substance that break when a force is applied to them
• Malleable


  Ability to be amid or pressed into shape without breaking or cracking
• Ductile


  Ability to be stretched into a wire
• Magnetic


  A material which can be attracted or repelled by a magnet
• Non-magnetic


  A material which cannot be attracted or repelled by a magnet
• Density


  The mass per unit volume of a substance
• Boiling


  The temperature of a liquid at which its vapour pressure equals the external pressure
• Melting Point


  The temperature at which a solid, given sufficient heat, becomes a liquid
• Freezing Point


  The temperature, at which a liquid changes its phase to become a solid
• Acids have more H+ than OH-, resulting in a lower pH value (less than 7).
• Homogenous


  Mixture of uniform composition and in which all components are in the same phase
• Heterogenous


  Mixture of non-uniform composition and of which the components can be easily identified
• Mixture


  Combination of two or more substances, where the substances are not bonded (joined) to each other and no chemical reaction occurs between the substances
• Element


  Substance that can not be broken down into other substances through chemical means, given symbols and arranged in a special order on the periodic table
• Compound


  Substance made up of two or more different elements that are bonded (joined together) in a fixed ratio
• Separating substances by physical methods

  1. Filtration

  2. Evaporation

  3. Magnetic

  4. Hand sorting

  5. Fractional distillation (Boiling)

  6. Chromatography

  7. Separating funnel

  8. Electrolysis
• Element


  Pure substance consisting of one type of atom
• Compound


  Pure substance consisting of two or more different elements
• Pure substance


  Substance that can not be separated into simpler components by physical methods
• Kinetic molecular theory


  1. Matter consists of small particles

  2. Particles are in constant motion

  3. Forces of attraction between particles

  4. Particles collide and exert pressure

  5. Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy

  6. Phase change occurs when particle energy changes
• Phases of matter


  Gases

  Liquids

  Solids
• Gases


  Particles are very far apart, have low density, can be compressed, can flow, have the shape of their container, have weak intermolecular forces
• Liquids


  Particles are close together but not as close as solids, can move around in any direction, have quite strong forces of attraction, have medium density, cannot be compressed, can flow, have the shape of their container, have a fixed volume
• Solids


  Particles vibrate about fixed positions, have strong forces of attraction, are closely packed, have high density, cannot be compressed, cannot flow, have a solid form, have a fixed volume
• Boiling


  Takes place at boiling point, occurs throughout the liquid, temperature remains constant
• Evaporation


  Takes place at any temperature, occurs on the surface of the liquid, temperature decreases
• Boiling point


  Temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid equals external (atmospheric) pressure
• Brownian motion


  Random movement of microscopic particles suspended in a liquid or gas, caused by collisions with molecules
• Condensation


  Process where a gas or vapour changes to a liquid, by cooling or increased pressure
• Deposition (re-sublimation)


  Process where a gas transforms into a solid, reverse of sublimation
• Diffusion


  Movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Phase equilibrium


  State where the two components of phases stay constant
• Evaporation


  Change of a liquid into a vapour at a temperature below the boiling point