Geography - Population

• Emigrant 


  a person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another
• Population growth is when there are more births than deaths within a population
• Immigrant


  a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
• Death rate - number of deaths per thousand people
• Birth rate - number of births per thousand people
• Natural increase - the difference between the birth rate and death rate
• Reasons for high birth rates

  • Cultural: A desire for a son to carry on the family name is important in many cultures.
  • Religious: Some religions oppose any form of contraception and encourage families to have children. 
  • Demographic: Countries with a high proportion of females with childbearing age will tend to have higher birth rates.
• Reasons for falling death rates

  • The development of new medical knowledge and medicines, better-trained doctors, and greater access to clinics-even in rural areas.
  • The spread of knowledge about what constitutes a better diet and healthy lifestyle.
  • A general improvement in access to food supplies.
• Net migration of an area is calculated by:

  Number of immigrants - number of emigrants
• The population growth/ fall of an area is calculated by:

  Natural change + net migration
• MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries)


  These countries are relatively rich
• LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries)


  Countries with less developed economies than others. They are sometimes referred to as developing countries
• NICs (Newly Industrialized Countries) 


  Are economies that have recently seen a massive growth in their manufacturing industries
• Fertility Rate

  Refers to the number of live births per 1,000 people of childbearing in a given year 
• Reasons for high death rates

  • Problems with alcoholism and smoking that have led to high rates of cancer
  • Obesity, resulting from fast food diet, is also likely to result in higher incidents of heart disease
• Over Population


  The condition of being populated with excessively large numbers
• Under Population

  there are too few people to use all the resources of a country to maximum efficiency
• Problems of rapid population growth

  • Find it difficult to feed everyone. Result: people go hungry
  • Can't afford to provide enough schools and teachers. Result: millions of people don't get education and skills to help them out of poverty.
  • Can't afford to provide good basic health care with enough doctors and hospitals. Result: millions suffer and die
• China's one-child policy positive impacts

  • Reduces the fertility rate from 3 births per woman
  • By reducing the number of children being born, it has reduced the problems of overpopulation
  • Less pressure on social services, waste disposal, and housing, and less danger of epidermis spreading
• China's one-child policy negative impacts

  • China's population is ageing rapidly. People will need support financially in their old age, increasing need for expensive health care.
  • China's growing economy won't have enough workers in the future to keep expanding
• Migration

  The movement of humans from one place to another
• Types of Migration

  
• Remittances

  When migrants send home part of their earnings in the form of either cash or goods to support their families
• Urban-rural migration 


  When people move, either temporarily or permanently, from a rural area to an urban city. 
• Refugee

  People who must leave their home area for their own safety or survival.
• Distance-decay

  The name of the theory that states that as the distance between two places increases, the interaction between those two places decreases.
• Push factors of migration

  • Not enough jobs
  • Low wages
  • Poor education opportunities
  • Poor health care
  • War with other countries
  • Civil war and lawlessness
  • Drought and famine
• Pull factors of migration

  • Hope of finding a job
  • Higher wages than at home
  • Better health care
  • Chance of a better education
  • Better standard of living 
  • Family and friends have moved there already
  • Lowe levels of crime and safety from conflict
• Negative impacts on receiving countries

  • Immediate shelter, food, and other necessities had to be provided
  • Extreme pressure on housing, health services, and schools
  • The willingness of immigrants to work for lower wages depressed incomes and the increased competition for jobs resulted in unemployment
• Positive impacts on receiving countries

  • Immigrants work and pay their taxes
  • They created a larger market for local businesses
  • Their arrival resulted in the provision of services, including a diversity of food in ethnic restaurants.
• Population Pyramids


  diagrams designed to show the population structure
• when describing the population structure, we divide it into three broad bands:

  • the young dependent population below 15 years old
  • the economically active or working population aged from 15-64
  • the elderly depended ages 64 and above
• Cultural and Religious Interactions

  Cultural: desire for a son reinforced by religious beliefs, Religious: opposition to contraception motivated by cultural values
• Cultural and Demographic Interactions

  Cultural: societal pressure for family and procreation in demographic context, Demographic: access to contraception affects cultural values
• Religious and Demographic Interactions

  Religious: no contraception in demographic context, Demographic: availability of contraception in religious communities
• Sustanable development


  the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs