Matter

• Matter


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• Chemistry


  The study of matter, its composition, structure, properties, the processes it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes
• Atom


  The smallest amount of matter
• Element


  A substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons and the same atomic number, and which cannot be broken down into simpler components by non-nuclear chemical reactions
• Molecule


  Two or more atoms held together by chemical force
• Compound


  A molecule that contains at least two different elements
• Particle


  A minute portion of matter
• Solid


  • Definite shape and volume, particles are tightly packed together and organized
• Liquid


  • Varying shape but definite volume, particles are close together but less tightly packed than solid and not rigidly placed together
• Gas


  • Varying shape that conforms to the container's shape, no definite shape and volume, particles are placed apart and disorganized
• Solid has definite shape and volume
• Liquid has indefinite shape but definite volume
• Gas has indefinite shape and indefinite volume
• Pure substance


  Matter with both definite and constant composition and distinct chemical properties
• Element


  A substance that is made up of only one type of atom with definite properties unique to that atom
• Compound


  Two or more elements joined together by chemical force, with definite and constant composition
• Mixture


  Two or more pure substances mixed together physically in variable proportion, where each substance retains its own chemical and physical properties
• Homogeneous mixture


  A mixture with the same proportions of its components throughout a given sample, with one phase and evenly mixed components
• Solution


  A homogeneous mixture where the ratio of solvent to solute remains the same throughout, with one phase and different properties from the components
• Types and examples of solutions

  • Gas in gas: Air (nitrogen, oxygen)

  Gas in liquid: Carbonated water (water, carbon dioxide)

  Liquid in liquid: Antifreeze (water, ethylene glycol)

  Liquid in solid: Dental amalgam (silver, mercury)

  Solid in solid: Steel (iron, carbon)
• Heterogeneous mixture


  A mixture that does not have a uniform composition, with varying distribution of components and two or more phases
• Suspension


  A heterogeneous mixture containing solid particles that are large enough to settle down, with variable light scattering
• Colloid


  A mixture with a dispersed phase of intermediate size between solution and suspension, exhibiting the Tyndall effect
• Types of colloids


  • Solid sol, Sol, Solid emulsion, Emulsion, Solid foam, Foam, Aerosol
• Physical properties


  Properties that can be observed or measured without changing the identity and composition of the matter or substance
• Extensive properties


  Properties that depend on the amount of mass or matter present
• Intensive properties


  Properties that do not depend on the amount of mass or matter present
• MATTER


  Provide basis for its identification and for differentiating it from other substances
• Properties of Matter


  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
• Physical properties


  Can be observed or measured without changing the identity and composition of the matter or substance
• Extensive properties


  Properties that do depend on the amount of mass or matter present
• Extensive properties


  • Volume
  • Length
  • Shape
  • Mass
• Intensive properties


  Properties that DO NOT depend on the amount of the matter present
• Density


  The amount of matter in a given volume. Density does not depend on the amount of substance.
• Density = Mass / Volume
• Calculating density

  • Gold bar: Mass = 10,000 g, Volume = 520 cm3
  • Gold necklace: Mass = 500 g, Volume = 26 cm3
• Chemical properties


  Observe only when the identity changes. Involved in the transformation of substances into other materials which possess a completely different structure and composition from the original.
• Chemical properties


  • Reactivity - ability of matter to combine chemically with other substances
  • Toxicity - degree to which a substance can damage an organism
  • Flammability - whether a compound will burn when exposed to flame
• Physical change


  Changes that do NOT change the identity of the substance itself. A change in the material's physical properties, such as shape or phase, size, states (solid, liquid and gas).
• Phase transition


  A physical change where the substance undergoes changes without changing its chemical composition