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• Storytelling


  One of the earliest and most popular activities of human kind
• Storyteller


  A much esteemed and highly respected person to whom people listened, enthralled
• Epic


  An early form of narration, a lengthy poem that takes days or weeks to recite or read, cultivated in Europe in ancient times
• Novel


  Replaced the epic, a literary form easier to understand because it is in prose
• Prose


  Does not follow a specific structure
• Short stories


  The most popular type of narrative in our time, found in monthly magazines, Sunday supplements, and daily papers, a work of fiction usually less than 10,000 words
• Parts of a Short Story

  • Character - the central mover in the story
  • Setting - the time and place in which the story happens
  • Plot - the storyline, consists of the events and actions of the characters
  • Conflict - the struggle in the story
  • Theme - the central idea
• What makes stories interesting

  • Stories concern people and we are all curious about other people
  • Because of the suspense that a story creates
• Juggler


  A man who is skilled in keeping several objects in motion in the air at the same time by alternately tossing and catching them
• Eulogy


  A speech given at a memorial service to pay tribute to the deceased, meaningful eulogies are brief but specific, heartfelt, and thoughtful, it can include a funny story or memories about a loved one, a kind of biographical history of their life, or even a collection of cherished time spent together
• Eulogies are 3-10 minutes long and has a 500-3000 word count. It takes a person 5 minutes to say 1500 words.
• Preparing a Eulogy


  • Work on the appropriate tone
  • Write with the audience, especially the family, in mind
  • Introduce Yourself
  • Say something specific about the family life of the deceased
  • Be concise and organized
• Format of a Eulogy

  • Opener
  • Personal story/biography/mention special people
  • An inspirational quote or poem
  • A heartfelt ending
• Do's and Don'ts of writing a Eulogy

  • DO be honest and positive
  • DO include heartwarming stories of the person's life
  • DO consult with friends or family to get ideas when writing
  • DO try to keep it to under ten minutes so you'll have people's full attention
  • DON'T overuse humor. Some is fine, but too much can feel wrong in the moment
  • DON'T worry about being emotional. It's expected
  • DON'T overthink it and remember, it doesn't have to be flawless. It just needs to be from the heart
• Delivering a Eulogy


  • Practice the delivery
  • Relax and control your emotions
  • Have a standby
  • Use proper volume, be conscious of your rate, and have a conversational tone
• Dialogue


  A conversation between characters in a literary work, it shows the exact words spoken by characters, it is important because it helps bring characters to life and helps readers understand what the characters are thinking and feeling, it also moves the plot forward
• Dialogues are a great way to liven up a story because they enable the writer to "show" rather than just "tell"
• Writing a dialogue


  • Start a new line for each new speaker
  • Use the correct voice (1st, 2nd, 3rd person)
  • Use double quotation marks around the words when you use dialogue tags such as "he/she said"
  • Place a period and comma inside the quotation marks, the other punctuation marks, ellipsis (…), etc.
  • Dialogue tags are always written outside the dialogue and is separated by a comma
• Common Punctuation Marks in Dialogue

  • Quotation marks (" ") - Enclose the spoken words of a character
  • Commas (,) - Separate dialogue tags from the actual dialogue and indicate pauses
  • Periods (.) - End complete sentences within dialogue
  • Question marks (?) - Indicate questions within dialogue
  • Exclamation points (!) - Indicate excitement, surprise, or emphasis
  • Ellipses (…) - Suggest hesitation, unspoken thoughts, or trailing off
• Tips for Writing Dialogue

  • Understand the character's background and personality
  • Use simple and realistic language
  • Maintain a balance between dialogue and narrative
  • Avoid lengthy monologues and focus on concise exchanges
  • Show emotions through actions and dialogue
  • Use appropriate punctuation and formatting
  • Read the dialogue aloud to check for natural flow and coherence
• The Lottery Ticket


  A famous short story written by Anton Chekhov, a Russian Realist writer, to express how money, or the idea of having a lot of money, can drastically change people
• The moral of the story is that material possessions and wealth do not bring true happiness, and that greed can lead to bitterness and broken relationships.
• Modification


  What happens when one word modifies/changes another word (called the head) by describing or limiting it in some form
• Basic Structure of Modification


  • Modifier + head (main word [noun/verb])
• Types of Modification


  • Adjective as Noun modifier - describes a noun
  • Noun as Noun modifier - can be possessive ('s) or not, both changes its meaning
  • Verb as Noun modifier - may precede or follow the head
  • Prepositional Phrase as Noun modifier
• Roast Speech


  Affectionately mocking the gentleman or the lady of the hour, the speaker balances love and sarcasm as the goal of the speech is to poke fun without offending or hurting
• Structure of a Roast Speech

  • Introductory Humor
  • Age Jokes
  • Playful Teasing
  • Poking Fun at Habits
  • Self-Deprecating Humor
• May include in a Roast Speech


  • Work or Career Jokes
  • Relationship Humor
  • Highlighting Quirks
  • Positive Reinforcement with a Twist
• Toast Speech


  A short message of congratulations, appreciation, and remembrance that is usually followed by a drink, toasts serve to unify the group, acknowledge a person or event, mark a special occasion, or simply to encourage the consumption of alcohol
• Structure of a Toast Speech

  • Opening
  • Expressing Gratitude
  • Compliments and Achievements
  • Highlighting Positive Traits
  • Nostalgic Reflections
• Preparing and Giving Roast and Toast Speeches: Gather your thoughts and decide on the details you would want to share. Then, write an outline. This will help you be organized and brief. Have Respect and Your speech must be Appropriate.
• Formalism


  Formalism studies text as text, it views literature as a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms, in this approach, a literary work can be understood only by reference to its intrinsic features, elements such as the character, setting, plot, point of view, and symbolism
• Moral Criticism


  Moral criticism concentrates on the ethical teachings and their effects on the readers, praises ethical literature that encourages virtue, believes that literature serves a higher purpose in teaching
• Historicism


  Highlights the importance of historical contexts in shaping the meaning of texts, acknowledges how texts engage with historical events as well as with other texts, readers interpret texts in a way that confirms their own experiences and ideas
• Structuralism


  A method of analyzing a literary piece that focuses on contrasting ideas, this approach is open to interpretation, it depends on how the reader use the meaning on the text based on his or her understanding which may involve personal belief environment behavior or moral perception