Organisation of the Organism

• Animals

  • The main features of animals:
  • They are multicellular
  • Their cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane
  • Their cells do not have cellulose cell walls
  • Their cells do not contain chloroplasts (so they are unable to carry out photosynthesis)
  • They feed on organic substances made by other living things
  • They often store carbohydrates as glycogen
  • They usually have nervous coordination
  • They are able to move from place to place
• A typical animal cell

  A) nucleus

  B) cell membrane

  C) ribosomes

  D) mitochondria

  E) cytoplasm

  
• Plants

  • The main features of plants:
  • They are multicellular
  • Their cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane
  • Their cells have cell walls made out of cellulose
  • Their cells contain chloroplasts (so they can carry out photosynthesis)
  • They feed by photosynthesis
  • They store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
  • They do not have nervous coordination
• A typical plant cell

  A) cell membrane

  B) chloroplasts

  C) nucleus

  D) mitochondrion

  E) cytoplasm

  F) cellulose cell wall

  G) ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum

  H) permanent vacuole

  
• The nucleus's function

  A) genetic material

  B) activities of the cell

  
• The cytoplasm's function

  A) gel-like

  B) dissolved solutes

  C) anaerobic respiration

  
• The cell membrane's function

  A) enter and leave

  B) holds the cell together

  
• The ribosomes function

  A) cytoplasm

  B) protein synthesis

  
• The mitochondria's function

  A) aerobic respiration

  B) where energy is released to fuel cellular processes

  C) metabolism

  D) higher

  
• The cell wall's function

  A) cellulose

  B) extra support

  C) shape

  
• The chloroplast's function

  A) chlorophyll

  B) light

  C) energy

  D) enzymes

  
• The permanent vacuole's function

  A) cell sap

  B) shape

  
• • Bacteria, which have a wide variety of shapes and sizes, all share the following biological characteristics:
  • They are microscopic single-celled organisms
  • Possess a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan, not cellulose), cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes
  • Lack a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA that floats in the cytoplasm
  • Plasmids are sometimes present - these are small rings of DNA (also floating in the cytoplasm) that contain extra genes to those found in the chromosomal DNA
  • They lack mitochondria, chloroplasts and other membrane-bound organelles found in animal and plant cells
• Plasmid


  Small circular loops of DNA that contain genes.
• •  Some bacteria have a flagellum (singular) or several flagella (plural). These are long, thin, whip-like tails attached to bacteria that allow them to move
• A typical bacterial cell

  A) peptidoglycan

  B) dna

  C) plasmid

  
• • Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are organelles found throughout the cytoplasm
• • Ribosomes are tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes within the cell known as Endoplasmic Reticulum
• • Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes looks rough under the microscope; this gives rise to its name of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (often shortened to R.E.R.)
• • Vesicles can also be seen using a higher magnification - these are small circular structures found moving throughout the cytoplasm
• Producing New Cells

  • The cells in your body need to be able to divide to help your body grow and repair itself
  • Cells grow and divide over and over again
  • New cells are produced by the division of existing cells
• Specialised cells in animals

  • Specialised cells are those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions. These differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus
  • Cells specialise by undergoing differentiation: this is a process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions
• Function/Adaptations of a ciliated cell

  A) mucus

  B) extensions of the cytoplasm

  C) hair-like

  D) mucus

  
• Function/Adaptations of a ciliated cell

  A) impulses

  B) long

  C) different parts of the body

  D) extensions and branches

  E) communicate

  F) fatty sheath

  G) insulates

  H) speeds up

  
• Function/Adaptations of a red blood cell

  A) biconcave disc

  B) surface area

  C) haemoglobin

  D) oxygen

  E) no nucleus

  F) space

  
• Function/Adaptations of sperm cell

  A) haploid nucleus

  B) acrosome

  C) enzymes

  D) mitochondria

  E) energy

  F) tail

  
• Function/Adaptations of egg cell

  A) cytoplasm

  B) nutrients

  C) haploid nucleus

  D) fertalisation

  E) sperm

  
• Ciliated cell

  A) cilia are extensions of the cell membrane

  
• Nerve cell

  A) dendrites

  B) axon

  C) myelin sheath

  D) nerve ending

  
• Red blood cells

  A) haeomoglobin

  B) biconcave shape

  C) nucleus

  
• Sperm cell

  A) head

  B) acrosome

  C) mid peace

  D) flagellum

  
• Egg cell

  A) follicle

  B) zona pellucida

  C) yolk droplets

  
• Function/Adaptations of egg cell

  A) water

  B) mineral ions

  C) soil

  D) surface

  E) area

  F) maximum absorbition of

  G) thin

  H) quickly

  
• Function/Adaptations of xylem vessel

  A) water

  B) support

  C) no top and bottom walls

  D) water

  E) dead

  F) free passage of water

  G) thickened

  H) lignin

  I) support

  
• Function/Adaptations of palisade mesophyll cell

  A) photosynthesis

  B) column

  C) fit as many in a layer

  D) chloroplasts

  
• Root hair cell

  A) vacuole

  B) root hair

  
• Xylem structure

  A) column of water

  B) broken down

  C) lignin

  
• Palisade mesophyll cell

  A) chloroplast

  
• Levels of Organisation in an Organism

  A) functional and structural units

  B) similar structure

  C) the same function

  D) different tissues

  E) specific functions

  F) related functions

  G) body functions

  
• Levels of organisation