pr1 unit 1 lesson 1

• Research


  The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
• Research begins with a question
• You do research when you gather information to seek answers to your question
• Basic research


  Purpose: To gain broader understanding of a particular problem or phenomenon

  Outcome: New ideas, concepts, and/or theories that broaden understanding but may not be applicable in real life
• Applied research


  Purpose: To find solutions to actual problems

  Outcome: New ideas and concepts that have direct real-life application
• Basic research is mostly theoretical and is not directly applicable to real-life problems and concerns
• Applied research has obvious and immediate applications
• Basic research


  Informs applied research
• Basic research


  Can lead to more applied research
• Basic research produces knowledge to understand the world better. Applied research uses this knowledge in the daily lives of people.
• Research Process


  1. Phase 1

  2. Phase 2

  3. Phase 3
• Characteristics of Research


  • Research is controlled and manipulated to understand the relationship between two or more variables
  • Research follows stringent procedures to find out the answers to questions that are relevant and appropriate in nature
  • Research is systematic as it follows a step-by-step procedure to answer research questions
  • Data are correct and verifiable by the researcher and eventually, by the readers of the research work
  • Research must be totally based on hard evidence gathered from observations and real-life experiences
• Principles in Research Ethics

  • Honesty
  • Objectivity
  • Prudence
  • Responsible publication
  • Confidentiality
  • Respect for Intellectual Property
  • Social responsibility
  • Anti-discrimination
• Honesty


  All researchers must honestly present information on data, results, research methods and procedures, and status of work. Researchers must not falsify and distort the data to deceive the public.
• Objectivity


  Researchers should remove any form of bias in all stages of research. All observations and data collected must not be changed in any way to agree with the wants of the researchers.
• Prudence


  Researchers must be careful in evaluating their own work.
• Responsible publication


  Researchers must publish their results and share it to other people for the sake of science and the pursuit of knowledge.
• Confidentiality

  Researchers must save and secure confidential information of anyone involved in the research project, especially the respondents for their target samples.
• Respect for Intellectual Property


  The researchers must respect patents, copyright rights, and other forms of intellectual property. It is a criminal act for anyone to plagiarize.
• Social responsibility


  Researchers must conduct research studies that could be beneficial to the entire society.
• Anti-discrimination


  Researchers must avoid discrimination against any form of social labels like sex, gender, religion, and the like.
• The research process is an endless cycle. It does not stop when the results are published and shared to the rest of the community.
• The researcher tried to fabricate data for his or her research

  Violates the principle of honesty
• Research process


  The overall steps needed to accomplish the entire research according to the principles of the scientific method
• Research ethics


  All the practices being followed by the researcher in order to make sure that all steps of the research process will be done with high integrity and followed the set standards by the community of researchers all over the world
• Qualitative research


  Focuses on words along with its construction, meanings, and interpretations
• Quantitative research


  Asks closed-ended questions to extract numbers and statistics
• Mixed methods research


  Employs elements of both qualitative and quantitative research in terms of strategies and methods
• Types of mixed methods research

  1. Sequential

  2. Concurrent

  3. Transformative
• Qualitative research


  • Perspectives of teachers on the implementation of anti-bullying policies
  • Cultural practices of an indigenous group and their respective meanings
  • Perceptions on the importance of freedom of speech
  • Interpretations of political speeches
• Qualitative research may possibly use numbers and figures, but its analysis still focuses on words, meanings, interpretations, and perspectives
• Quantitative research


  It is a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables
• Quantitative research


  It makes use of statistics in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data
• Quantitative research


  • Effects of physical exercise on sleep quality
  • Preferences of college students towards computer operating systems
  • Impact of social media use on rising fashion trends
• Qualitative techniques rely on words, quantitative techniques use numbers
• Mixed methods research does not only combine qualitative and quantitative techniques, it also considers the complementarity of the two techniques
• The three main types of research are qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research
• Each type of research has strategies of inquiry and employs specific methods of data collection
• Qualitative research


  A form of natural inquiry that focuses on studying its subject in a natural setting
• Characteristics of qualitative research

  • It is important for researchers to understand the nature of qualitative research and consider its characteristics in constructing research design, data collection, and data analysis