CD (aa to iii c)

• Malaria


  A disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by infected mosquitoes
• In the Philippines, only 7 provinces remain with local transmission of the disease
• Causative agents of malaria


  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium vivax
  • Plasmodium ovale
  • Plasmodium malariae
  • Plasmodium knowlesi
• Severity and characteristic manifestation of malaria

  Governed by the infecting Plasmodium species
• Vector of malaria

  Mosquito: Anopheles flavirostris
• Mode of transmission of malaria

  Through the bite of an infected female mosquito or directly from one person to another by passage of blood containing erythrocytic parasites
• Signs and symptoms of malaria

  • Recurrent chills
  • High-grade fever
  • Profuse sweating
  • Severe headache
  • Anemia
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Splenomegaly
• Malaria prevention and control measures

  • Sustainable preventive and vector control
  • Insecticide-treatment of mosquito nets
  • House spraying
  • Protective clothing
  • Educate the people on endemic areas
  • Chemoprophylaxis
  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
• Chemoprophylaxis for malaria


  Only Chloroquine should be given, taken at weekly interval starting from 1-2 weeks before entering endemic areas
• Malaria treatment


  • Chloroquine (drug of choice)
  • Pyrimethamine/Sulfadoxine combination (in areas with high resistance to Chloroquine)
  • Artemether-Lumefantrine + Primaquine (first-line for uncomplicated P. Falciparum)
  • Quinine Sulfate + Doxycycline/Tetracycline/Clindamycin (second-line for uncomplicated P. Falciparum)
  • Quinine Dihydrochloride Infusion + Doxycycline/Tetracycline/Clindamycin (for complicated P. Falciparum)
  • Chloroquine + Primaquine (for P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae)
• Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (H-Fever)

  An acute febrile infection caused by dengue virus serotypes (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, DENV4)
• Each year, up to 400 million people get infected with dengue. Approximately 100 million people get sick from infection, and 22,000 die from severe dengue.
• Vector of dengue


  Mosquito: Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus
• Mode of transmission of dengue

  Through bite of infected female mosquito
• Stages of dengue infection

  • Febrile or invasive stage (first 4 days): high fever, abdominal pain, headache, petechiae
  • Toxic or hemorrhagic stage (4th to 7th days): lowering of temperature, severe abdominal pain, vomiting, frequent bleeding, death may occur
  • Convalescent or recovery stage (7th to 10th day)
• Dengue prevention and control measures

  • Search and Destroy mosquitos
  • Seek Early Consultation
  • Self Protection Measures
  • Say yes to fogging only during outbreaks
• Dengue treatment


  No specific medication, only paracetamol, analgesics, and plenty of fluids. Do not give aspirin or ibuprofen.
• Zika virus


  A virus first identified in Uganda in 1974 in monkeys, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes
• Modes of Zika virus transmission

  Through bite of infected female mosquito, from pregnant woman to fetus, through sex, through blood transfusion (very likely but not confirmed)
• Zika virus signs and symptoms

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Rashes
  • Joint and muscle pain
• Zika virus prevention and control

  • Self Protection Measures
  • Search and Destroy the mosquitos
  • Practice safe sex
• Zika virus treatment


  No specific medicine or vaccine, only symptomatic treatment with rest, fluids, and paracetamol. Do not take aspirin or NSAIDs.
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and their complications belong to the top five categories for which adults seek health care in the developing countries.
• Many STIs can be treated and cured relatively easily and cheaply if diagnosed early enough.
• Common treatable STIs


  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Trichomoniasis
  • Syphilis
• Primary prevention of STIs

  • Modification of sexual activity (abstinence, monogamy, limiting partners, inspecting new partners, avoiding certain practices)
  • Barrier methods of contraception (condoms, diaphragms, spermicides)
  • Avoid prophylactic antibiotics before/after exposure
• Prophylactic antibiotics before/after STI exposure should not be done because: no single antibiotic covers all potential STIs, allergic reaction may occur, they may lead to emergence of resistant organisms.
• Pre-exposure vaccination is a primary prevention method for STIs.
• Gonorrhea


  Also known as GC, Clap, Drip
• Causative agent of Gonorrhea

  Neisseria gonorrheae
• Mode of transmission for Gonorrhea


  1. Transmission in neonates during birth

  2. Direct contact between infectious mucous membrane
• Gonorrhea


  • Genital (penis or cervix), anus, throat and eyes can be infected
  • Males - burning urination and pus discharges from infection of urethra
  • Females - vaginal discharge
• No drugs or vaccines for Gonorrhea prevention. Condoms offer protection. Trace contacts and treat to interrupt transmission.
• Syphilis


  Also known as Sy, Bad blood, The pox
• Causative agent of Syphilis

  Treponema pallidum
• Stages of Syphilis


  • Primary (Chancre) - painless sore, swollen glands
  • Secondary (condylomata lata) - rash, moist papules
  • Tertiary (Gummas) - damage to body organs
• No vaccine available for Syphilis. Benzathine penicillin is given to contacts.
• Chlamydia


  Causative agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
• Mode of transmission for Chlamydia


  Transmission in neonates during birth
• Chlamydia symptoms


  • In males - discharge, burning, itching
  • In females - discharge, itching, burning, painful intercourse, abdominal pain