CPH PREFI L2

• Resurgence


  Increase or revival after period of little activity or occurrence
• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)/AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)


  • Retrovirus (RNA): uses RNA as its genetic material instead of the more usual DNA
  • May take over control of the cells machinery causing the uncontrolled reproduction typical of cancer
• CD4-T lymphocyte (T4 Cells)


  Target cell of HIV, a white blood cell
• Activation of T4 cell infected with HIV

  Activation of the cell activates the virus also, which then reproduce thousand of copies of itself in a process that kills T4 cells
• Acute Infection


  • Large amount of the virus is being produced in your body
  • Many, but not all people develop flu-like symptoms often describes as the "worst flu ever"
• Clinical Latency


  • During this stage, HIV reproduce at very low levels, although it is still active
  • You may not have symptoms
  • Without treatment, this period lasts an average of 10 years but some people may progress through this stage faster
• Licensing of screening test for HIV

  1985

  
• Purposes of HIV screening test

  • Diagnosing individuals at risk to determine whether they are infected
  • Monitoring the spread of HIV In various populations via epidemiologic studies
  • Screening donated blood or organs to ensure that they do not transmit HIV to a recipient of transfusion or transplant

  
• Window Period


  Absence of antibodies in the 3-6 weeks period after infection, major drawback of the antibody screening test
• Viral Load Measurement


  • Test the direct measure of virus in the blood
  • Concentration of virus in the blood
  • Valuable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic drugs
• HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)

  Reduce viral load to undetectable levels in the blood and body fluids
• Combivir (Protease Inhibitor)


  Interfere with the ability of newly formed viruses to mature and become infectious
• The most effective way to fight AIDS is to "prevent transmission"

  
• Ebola


  • Highly contagious and infects humans and monkeys
  • Declines population of Gorillas and Chimpanzees
  • Ebola is considered a zoonotic virus, meaning that it originated in animals and then spread to humans
  • No vaccine available for Ebola, although several are in development
• Mode of transmission for Ebola


  Close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other body fluids of infected animals (human-to-human transmission)
• Incubation period for Ebola

  It ranges from 2 to 21 days
• Signs and Symptoms of Ebola

  Fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, lack of appetite
• Laboratory Tests for Ebola

  Low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes
• Monkeypox


  • Not highly contagious in human and less severe disease than smallpox
  • No one died in the outbreak
  • The illness was traced back through pet stores and animal distributors
  • Causative Agent: Monkeypox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus
• Signs and Symptoms of Monkeypox


  Similar to smallpox, except that enlargement of lymph node
• Mode of Transmission for Monkeypox

  Animal bite or direct contact with the animal's lesions or body fluids
• Treatment for Monkeypox


  No treatment, vaccine for smallpox may reduce the risk
• Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)


  • Caused by Hantavirus, a virus carried by deer mice (white-footed mice)
  • 587 cases in 34 states (1/3 have died in a matter of hours)
  • Adding HPS in the list of notifiable disease will help medical workers to recognize it more rapidly
• Mode of Transmission for Hantavirus

  Airborne, Person-to-person: The rodents shed the virus in their urine, droppings, and saliva; The virus is mainly transmitted to people when they breathe in air contaminated with the virus
• Signs and Symptoms of Hantavirus

  Fatigue, fever and muscle aches, especially in the large muscle groups—thighs, hips, back, and sometimes shoulders
• Incubation Period for Hantavirus

  1 and 8 weeks
• Diagnosis and Treatment for Hantavirus

  There is no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine for hantavirus infection

  
• West Nile Virus


  • The great number of dead crows were being found in the area, and there are reported deaths in zoo's exotic bird but St. Louis Encephalitis was not known to infect birds
  • Well-known in Africa, West Asia, and The Middle East
• Signs and Symptoms of West Nile Virus


  • Some people develop a life-threatening illness that includes inflammation of the spinal cord or brain
  • Some people also develop fever and mild headache
• Incubation Period for West Nile Virus

  1. 14 days
• Diagnosis and Treatment for West Nile Virus


  No treatment, only to increase immune system
• Hemorrhagic Fever with Rodents as Carrier


  • Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (Machupo Virus): Causative Agent: Machupo mammarenavirus
  • Signs and Symptoms: Slow onset with fever, malaise, headache and myalgia (muscle pain), very similar to Malaria symptoms
  • Prevention: Rodent interaction
• CROWS


  Dead birds found in the continental United States
• St. Louis Encephalitis was not known to infect birds
• Patients reported being outdoors in the evening during peak mosquito hours

  Diagnosis of St. Louis Encephalitis was supported
• St. Louis Encephalitis is well-known in Africa, West Asia, and The Middle East
• Signs and Symptoms


  • Some people develop a life-threatening illness that includes inflammation of the spinal cord or brain
  • Some people also develop fever and mild headache
  • Some people don't develop signs or symptoms
• Incubation Period


  1. 14 days
• Diagnosis and Treatment


  No treatment, only to increase immune system
• Causative Agent (Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever)

  Machupo mammarenavirus