PHILO | 3RD QUARTER

• Philosophy began at the end of the 6th Century and happened in Ancient Greece
• Philosophy


  Comes from the Greek words "Philein" (love) and "Sophia" (wisdom)
• Philosophers became the talk of the town in Athens because of the works of Hesiod and Homer
• Work and Days by Hesiod was written as a poem published around 700 BCE
• The Iliad and The Odyssey are works of Homer
• Philosophy started in 587 BCE in a town called Miletus
• Miletus was a seaport town and was considered to be the center of many things, including business and commerce
• The first philosophers were said to be Milesians
• Philosophy began in wonder

  The first philosophers' real question was about the astonishment at the wonders they observed
• The first problems related to philosophy were cosmological in nature and why the first philosophers were cosmologists
• Thauma


  Means "wonder"
• Stupefaction


  When a person is stupefied, that person is placed in a position of confusion. It becomes reinforcement to be completely mesmerized and thereby pushing oneself to ask. Stupefaction should lead one to question. Questioning becomes indication that real and genuine knowledge does not end in awe. Doubt pushes us to question many things to see that a greater reason is being veiled by what seems to appear before us.
• Not all doubts are healthy, some could lead to skepticism
• Skepticism is wherein everything is put into inquiry without any goal of grounding and could lead to being myopic
• A philosophical question that touches upon matters related to choice, meaning, and life
• Answers to philosophical questions are perennial
• Pythagoras (570-495 BCE) might be more familiar to mathematicians
• Pythagoras marked a radical shift from the mythic to the rational
• Pythagoras' invention that the world is governed by a principle that only numbers can provide is as radical as Copernicus saying that the Earth is not the center of the universe during the Renaissance
• Philosophus


  Everyone is a philosopher. The term is more of a challenge for anyone who dares to study philosophy. Pythagoras sees a philosophus as "someone who, in all his might, pursues wisdom".
• Philosophy as a Science

  Philosophy is in fact scientific. The science being spoken here is neither limited to physical nor natural sciences only. The science here is philosophy's own discipline to observe the rigors of science.
• Philosophy as a Science Of All Things

  Philosophy's object is literally everything and every-thing. It means that philosophy can study anything under the sun as long as the subject is able to generate possible ideas. Philosophy can even study something that is not yet possible to be known.
• Philosophy as a Science Of All Things Through Its Ultimate Causes And Principles


  Studying any object in philosophy is no simple matter. Philosophy is not satisfied with answers that can be given via yes or no. It is also not obsessed with providing the answer right away.
• Philosophy as a Science Of All Things Through Its Ultimate Causes Acquired Through The Use Of Natural Reason


  Philosophy is not an activity that is left to either chance or pure faith. Philosophizing is an activity without help other than itself; hence, it is done only by the use of reason, unalloyed and unadulterated.
• The significance of philosophy is not in its demonstration of knowledge but in its capacity to focus on the possibilities that might be lost in the full understanding of what is being taught because that knowledge could be confirmation of one's ignorance. The significance of philosophy is to recognize that the answer is not yet complete.
• Jostein Gardner's Sophie's World, written to great acclaim in Norway, was translated into English in 1994
• Sophie's World has two narrative sequences: one is the sequence of the unreal, that is, a Sophie Amundsen that exists in the world. There is also the teacher who writes her letters, Alberto Knox. The other is the sequence of real, that there is only one Sophie Amundsen and her father and mother. The first sequence and the persons found there are but fictional characters.
• Sophie's world is a world of both the possible and impossible, and that as persons, like her, we also live in these zones of both the discernible and the indiscernible.
• What we can all learn from Sophie is the very question asked of her, a question that has been a staple of truth even from the time of Socrates, "Who am I?"
• Plato's critique of imitation (outlined in his famous book The Republic) is pivotal for philosophy's method
• Philosophy's method cannot anymore be a hybrid or a pseudo of a genre of literature, and philosophy's method must be consistent after making its own site and field of investigation
• Branches of Philosophy


  • Ontology
  • Epistemology
  • Ethics
  • Aesthetics
  • Logic
• Logic


  A person is called every day to reason and to decide on matters that actually demand his/her better judgment
• Elements of Critical Thinking

  • Independent Thinking
  • Proactive Thinking
  • Contextual Thinking
  • Creative Thinking
  • Collaborative Thinking
• Critical Thinking


  In philosophy, the person does not just accept things as they are but asks questions to the point of gathering and uncovering the best argument possible
• Epistemology

  A study on the theory of knowledge, it explores diverse manners and ways by which truth can be achieved and generated
• Theories on Knowledge


  • Theory of Realism
  • Theory of Relativism
  • Theory of Pragmatism
  • Theory of Phenomenology
  • Theory of Axioms
• The ancient notion on the human person by ancient Greece was centered on the nature and observation of the cosmos "Universe"
• Pre-Socratic thinkers are generally called "natural thinkers" and their primary goal was to know and discover the physical world through empirical observation and conjectures
• Greek Philosopher, Socrates, changed the philosophical landscape with his statement "The unexamined life is not worth living"