enzymes and proteins; vitamins

• Enzymes


  Organic catalysts produced by living organisms that make possible the many complex chemical reactions that make up life processes
• Major classes of enzymes

  • Oxidoreductases
  • Transferases
  • Hydrolases
  • Lyases
  • Isomerases
  • Ligases
• Coenzymes


  Nonprotein organic compounds that have an important part in the catalytic action of enzymes
• Activators


  Inorganic ions that have an important part in the catalytic action of enzymes
• Enzyme names usually end in -ase or -in
• Diastase


  A yellowish white, amorphous powder obtained from an infusion of malt that converts starch to maltose
• Malt extract


  The product obtained by extracting malt, the partially and artificially germinated grain
• Malt extract


  • Used as a bulk-producing laxative
• Amylolytic enzymes or carbohydrases

  • Diastase and amylase
  • Salivary diastase or ptyalin
  • Pancreatic diastase or amylopsin
  • Malt diastase
  • Invertase or sucrase
  • Maltase
  • Zymase
  • Emulsin
  • Myrosin
• Esterases


  • Lipase
  • Pectase
  • Steapsin
  • Urease
• Proteolytic enzymes

  • Pepsin
  • Trypsin
  • Erepsin
  • Rennin
  • Papain
• Oxidizing enzymes


  • Peroxidases
  • Thrombin
  • Zymase
• Lactase


  An enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose to galactose and glucose, obtained commercially from yeast
• Pepsin


  A proteolytic enzyme found in the gastric juice, most active at pH 1.8
• Pancreatin


  A substance containing enzymes, principally amylase, lipase, and protease, obtained from the pancreas of the hog
• Pancrelipase


  A more concentrated form of pancreatin employed as a digestive aid
• Papain


  The dried and purified latex of the fruit of Carica papaya, containing several enzymes including proteolytic, rennin-like, amylolytic, and lipolytic
• Chymopapain


  A nonpyrogenic proteolytic enzyme obtained from the latex of Carica papaya
• Bromelains

  A mixture of protein-digesting and milk clotting enzymes obtained from the juice of the pineapple plant
• Trypsin


  A proteolytic enzyme crystallized from an extract of the pancreas gland of the ox, used topically for wound and ulcer cleansing
• Chymotrypsin


  A proteolytic enzyme crystallized from an extract of the pancreas gland of the ox, used in ophthalmic solutions
• Hyaluronidase


  An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing mucopolysaccharides, used as a spreading agent
• Streptokinase


  A purified bacterial protein that acts to convert plasminogen to the proteolytic enzyme plasmin
• Urokinase


  An enzyme isolated from human urine or obtained from human kidney cells that acts on the endogenous fibrinolytic system
• Fibrinolysin and Desoxyribonuclease


  • Fibrinolysin, a protease used to treat blood clots
  • Desoxyribonuclease, a nucleolytic enzyme that acts against devitalized tissues in purulent states
• Sutilains


  A substance containing proteolytic enzymes derived from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, used topically for wound debridement
• Collagenase


  An enzyme preparation obtained from fermentative cultures of Clostridium histolyticum that cleaves collagen, used topically to debride dermal ulcers and severely burned areas
• 1. Asparaginase


  An enzyme obtained from cultures of certain strains of Escherichia coli that induces hematologic and clinical remissions of acute lymphocytic leukemia
• Sutilains


  Substance containing proteolytic enzymes derived from the bacterium Bacillus subtilis
• Sutilains


  • Cream-colored powder applied topically, in ointment form, 2 to 4 times daily, for wound debridement
• Collagenase


  Enzyme preparation obtained from fermentative cultures of Clostridium histolyticum
• Collagenase


  • Cleaves collagen and is used topically to debride dermal ulcers and severely burned areas
• 1. Asparaginase


  Enzyme obtained from cultures of certain strains of Escherichia coli, induces hematologic and clinical remissions of short duration in a significant percentage of children with acute leukemia
• 1. Asparaginase


  • Used primarily in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as prednisone and vincristine
• Types of proteins


  • Simple proteins
  • Conjugated proteins
  • Derived proteins
• Proteins are nitrogenous organic substances produced by and associated with living matter
• Proteins from plants are more easily isolated in crystalline form
• Proteins in animals occur as living matter, thus making them difficult to obtain in the individual state
• Poisonous proteins


  • Plant lectins (formerly known as toxalbumins)
  • Ricin from castor beans
  • Robin from locust bark
  • Abrin from jequirity seeds
  • Hemolysins from salamanders (Trituru spp.)
  • Toxins, neurotoxoids from snake venom
• Gelatin


  Product obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen derived from the skin, white connective tissue, and bones of animals