READING AND WRITING

• Reading


  defined as a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct and derive meaning. It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing of information and ideas.
• Technique


  a way of doing something by using special knowledge or skill.
• Reading Techniques


  the styles, systems or practices decoding symbols for better comprehension for communication, sharing of information and ideas.
• SKIMMING


  a method of rapidly moving the eyes over text with the purpose of getting only the main ideas and a general overview of the content. It does not involve a thorough reading and understanding.
• scanning


  rapidly covers a great deal of material in order to locate a specific fact or piece of information.
• PHRASE READING


  A passage or text is broken up either by putting separate sentences on different pieces of paper, or using visual cues within the text.
• NON-PROSE READING


  materials or graphic materials are illustrated visual forms that summarize information and ideas through words, symbols, pictures, and drawings.
• Graphs


  visual representation of quantitative information.
• Diagrams


  are lines and symbols that show the interrelationships of parts or elements, steps of a process, or key features of an object or an area.
• Charts


  are visuals that summarize data, explain a process, or describe a set of relationships.
• Maps 


  are flat representations of the earth that show geographical areas by means of scales and models.
• THE CORNELL METHOD


  provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without laborious recopying.
• THE OUTLINING METHOD

  Well-organized system if done right. Outlining records content as well as relationships. It also reduces editing and is easy to review.
• THE MAPPING METHOD


  a graphic representation of the content of a lecture. It is a method that maximizes active participation, affords immediate knowledge as to its understanding, and emphasizes critical thinking. This format helps you to visually track your lecture regardless of conditions. Little thinking is needed and relationships can easily be seen.
• THE CHARTING METHOD


  Helps you track conversation and dialogues where you would normally be confused and lose out on relevant content. Reduces amount of writing necessary. Provides easy review mechanism for both memorization of facts and study of comparisons and relationships.
• THE SENTENCE METHOD

  A revolution is any occurrence that affects other aspects of life, such as economic life, social life, and so forth. Therefore revolutions cause change. (See page 29 to 30 in your text about this.)
• OUTLINING


  a summary that gives the essential features of a text. It is also used as a guide to organizing your ideas before writing an essay
• TOPIC OUTLINE


  uses single or phrases in the headings.
• SENTENCE OUTLINE


  expand each part into full sentences
• MIXED OUTLINE


  main idea is in complete sentence form while subordinate ideas are in topic form.
• PARAGRAPH OUTLINE 


  list topic ideas of each paragraph in order
• The Roman numeral outline


  widely used in schools and industries.
• The Dewey decimal outline


  frequently observed in engineering, research, and technically-oriented fields.
• The Alphanumeric outline


  usually utilized in government institutions.
• summary


  A series of brief, concise statements, in your own words, regarding a certain topic.
• GENERALIZATION


  defined as a broad statement or an idea that applies to a group of people or things.
• Valid generalization


  a statement that is true, supported by facts, uses logic and reasoning and proven with several examples.
• Faulty generalization


  a statement poorly supported by facts, usually contain the keywords: all, no, none, everyone, nobody, always, never, and proven false if there's just a single exception. Experience and logic tell us that it cannot be true.
• INFERENCE


  the act or process of reaching a conclusion about something from known facts or evidence