ANCHEM SAMPLING

• Obtain the Sample

  • The sample must be representative of the bulk system
  • its Integrity must be maintained;
  • and the chain of custody must be documented.
• Prepare the Sample

  • A portion of the sample is prepared for the analysis by weighing it and carrying out certain physical and/or chemical processes, such as drying, dissolving, etc.
• Carry Out the Analysis Method

  1. Obtain Weight or Volume Data on the Prepared Sample.

  • Some methods Involve simple weight loss or gain.
  • In other cases, a sample weight or volume is needed to calculate results
• Carry Out the Analysis Method

  2. Prepare Reference Standards of the Analyte or Substances with which the Analyte Will React.

  • One or more such solutions may be needed to calibrate equipment or to otherwise compare to or react with the analyte in the sample.
• Carry Out the Analysis Method

  4. Obtain the Required Data for the Sample.

  • This is the final critical piece to most analysis methods.
• Carry Out the Analysis Method

  3. Standardize Solutions or Calibrate Equipment.

  • it may be required to have known quantities to which to compare the sample.
  • These may be solutions with which the analyte reacts, or instrument readings or calibration constants obtained through known quantities.
  • The analyte may also need to be physically or chemically separated from the sample matrix.
• Work the Data

  • This requires calculations and/or the plotting of a calibration curve from which the desired results can be derived
  • Statistics are usually Involved.
• Calculate and Report the Results

  • A final calculation may be necessary to obtain the desired results.
• The critical part of any sampling task is to obtain a sample that represents the bulk system as well as possible
• The sample must possess all the characteristics of the entire bulk system with respect to the analyte and the analyte concentration in the system
• TWO TYPES OF SAMPLES

  • Composite samples
  • Selective samples
• Composite samples – the small samples taken are mixed and made

  homogenous to give the final sample to be tested
• Selective sample – analysis on the individual samples
• Random sample

  • If the bulk system is homogenous for a particular component, then one sample is taken from one location at random in the bulk system
• Chain of Custody

  • The procedures to account for the integrity of each specimen by tracking its handling and storage from point of specimen collection to final disposition of the specimen.
  • Documentation of sample handling
• Blood samples - Used primarily for the study of cellular elements of

  the peripheral blood and those components of the plasma
• Phlebotomy - Collection of blood samples for laboratory analysis to diagnose and monitor medical conditions
• Urine sample - Frequently collected urine samples include random, first

  morning, midstream clean- catch, 24-hour samples, catheterized and suprapubic aspirations
• Urine sample - aids in the diagnosis of disease, screening asymptomatic populations for undetected disorders, and monitoring the progress of disease and the effectiveness of therapy
• Type of urine samples

  • Random specimen
  • First morning sample
  • Midstream clean catch
  • 24 hour sample
• Fecal sample - Used for the detection of gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, and identification of pathogenic bacteria or parasites
• Type 1 - Separate hard lumps, like nuts (hard to pass)
• Type 2 - Sausage - shaped but lumpy
• Туре 3 - Like a sausage but with cracks on its surface
• Type 4 - Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft
• Type 5 - Soft blobs with clear-cut edges (passed easily)
• Type 6 - Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool
• Type 7 - Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely Liquid
• CSF sample - is collected to diagnose meningitis, subdural hemorrhage and other neurological disorders
• Cerebrospinal fluid (Tubes)

  Tube 1 – for chemistry

  Tube 2 – for microbiology

  Tube 3 - for hematology
• Semen - are collected and tested to evaluate fertility and post vasectomy procedures
• Synovial Fluid (Joint Fluid)

  • is a viscous fluid found in the cavities of the movable joints that lubricates and reduces friction between bones during joint movement
  • It can be used to determine the pathologic origin of arthritis
• Sputum - is mucus or phlegm collected from the trachea, bronchi and lungs
• Sputum - Used to test for active tuberculosis and pneumonia
• Tissue biopsy - is a medical procedure that involves taking a sample of a tissue and examined under a microscope
• Carry out the analysis method

  • obtain weight or volume data on the prepared sample
  • Prepare reference standards of the analyte or substances which the analyte will react
  • Standardize solutions or calibrate equipment
  • Obtain the required data for the sample
• • Obtain the sample
  • Prepare the sample
  • Carry out the analysis method
  • Work the data
  • Calculate and report results