Module 4

• Mazaua

  The first documented Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday, conducted by Father Pedro de Valderrama of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition along the shores of what was referred to in the journals of Antonio Pigafetta as "Mazaua"

  
• Evidence used by the pro-Butuan group

  • Numerous accounts written by non-eyewitnesses decades after the 1521 Easter Sunday mass
  • The 1872 monument in Magallanes, Agusan del Norte

  
• Limasawa


  The site of the first Mass in the Philippines, as determined by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)

  
• The NHCP has adopted the recommendation of a panel of experts reaffirming earlier findings that the 1521 Easter Sunday Mass was celebrated in Limasawa and not in Butuan, as claimed by some historians

  
• Cavite Mutiny


  Brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal in 1872, which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement
• Primary cause of the Cavite Mutiny

  An order from Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo to subject the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal taxes, from which they were previously exempt
• GOMBURZA


  Three martyr Fathers - Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora - executed by the Spanish colonial authorities in 1872 and charged with treason, sedition, and subversion for their alleged complicity in the Cavite Mutiny
• The three priests were not involved in the Cavite Mutiny; they were prominent figures in the secularization movement, which wanted to take Church power away from the colonial Spanish and give native Filipinos increased roles in Church affairs
• The martyrdom of the GOMBURZA priests awakened strong spirits of anger and resentment among the Filipinos, and assisted in the creation of the Propaganda Movement which aimed to seek reforms and inform the Spanish people on the abuses of its colonial authorities in the Philippine Islands
• Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugad Lawin


  An emotional ceremony where Katipuneros led by Andres Bonifacio assembled in Caloocan and tore their residence certificates to prove the termination of their loyalty to Spain, signifying the start of the Philippine Revolution
• Three primary sources of the Cry of Balintawak/Pugad Lawin

  • Dr. Pio Valenzuela
  • Santiago Alvarez
  • Guillermo Masangkay
• The National Historical Institute (NHI) declared the event as the 'Cry of Pugadlawin' which occurred on the 23rd of August 1896
• Tejeros Convention


  A meeting held on March 22, 1897 between Katipunan factions of Magdiwang and Magdalo in San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite, which resulted in the creation of a new revolutionary government that took charge of the Philippine Revolution, replacing the Katipunan
• Bonifacio declared the proceedings of the Tejeros Convention null and void and established a new government
• Naik Military Agreement


  A document drawn up by Bonifacio and his men at Naik, in which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that established at the Tejeros Convention, and to organize an army "by persuasion or force"
• Bonifacio was arrested and sentenced to death in Maragondon, Cavite for refusing to recognize the newly established Revolutionary Government
• Makapili


  A militant group formed in the Philippines in December 8 1944 during World War II to give military aid to the Imperial Japanese Army
• Japan first occupied the Philippines at the beginning of World War II because it was located between the oil-producing Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) and Japan, and was an important location for transporting oil from the Dutch East Indies and French Indochina to Japan
• Bonifacio was charged with refusing to recognize newly established Revolutionary Government. He was arrested and sentenced to death in Maragondon, Cavite.
• Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino (Makapili)


  A militant group formed in the Philippines in December 8 1944 during World War II to give military aid to the Imperial Japanese Army
• Japan first occupied the Philippines at the beginning of World War II because it was located between the oil-producing Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) and Japan. The Philippines was an important location for transporting oil from the Dutch East Indies and French Indochina to Japan
• The invasion and the subsequent occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese during Second World War forced many Filipinos to collaborate with the enemy.
• Filipinos mounted a vigorous guerrilla offensive and organized a resistance movement to oppose Japanese military rule.
• The Japanese forces waged a cruel campaign in an attempt to suppress the guerrilla opposition. Of the 381 cases of Class B and Class C war crimes brought before post-war military tribunals in the Philippines, almost half involved massacres of local civilians (138 cases) or rapes (45 cases).
• Maria Rosa L. Henson was raped by Japanese soldiers first in February 1942. After two weeks she was again raped by the same Japanese officer, while fetching firewood. She felt strong anger toward the Japanese military, and joined the HUKBALAHAP, an anti-Japanese guerilla group. A year passed. In April 1943 she was arrested by Japanese at a check point in the suburbs of Anheles and taken to the headquarters. There she was forced to be a comfort woman.
• Martial law


  The temporary substitution of military authority for civilian rule, usually invoked in time of war, rebellion, or natural disaster. When martial law is in effect, the military commander of an area or country has unlimited authority to make and enforce laws.
• Under the current Constitution of the Philippines, the President, as head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces, may declare Martial Law in case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it.
• At 7:17 pm on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under martial law, through Presidential Proclamation № 1081, which was dated September 21, 1972.
• Marcos claimed that he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM). Opposition figures of the time, such as Lorenzo Tañada, Jose Diokno, and Jovito Salonga, accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats, using them as a convenient excuse to consolidate power and extend his reign beyond the two presidential terms allowed by the 1935 constitution.
• Through a very bad combination of loan-funded deficit spending and large-scale infrastructure projects, the Marcos administration caused a balance of payments crisis, so the government was compelled to seek a debt rescheduling plan with the International Monetary Fund.
• The IMF mandated stabilization plan which accompanied the agreement included numerous macroeconomic interventions, including a shift away from the Philippines' historical economic strategy of import substitution industrialization and towards export-oriented industrialization; and the allowing the Philippine Peso to float and devalue.
• The inflationary effect these interventions had on the local economy brought about the social unrest which was the rationalization for the proclamation of martial law in 1972.
• One of the first proponents of federalism in the Philippines in the 21st century is professor Jose Abueva from the University of the Philippines who argued that a federal form of government is necessary to more efficiently cater to the needs of the country despite its diversity.
• The primary goals of a constitutional amendment is to increase decentralization, greater local power and access to resources most especially among regions outside Metro Manila which has long been dubbed as rather imperial
• According to Pimentel, even though federalism was never intended to appease any followers of any specific ideology of religion, it will also hasten economic development, since resource and financial mobilization is upon each state's or province's discretion without significant constraint from the central government.
• Federalism promotes political participation. Federalism encourages economic equality across the country. Federalism provides for multiple levels of government action.
• Federalism also comes with drawbacks. Chief among them are economic disparities across states, race-to-the-bottom dynamics (i.e., states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations), and the difficulty of taking action on issues of national importance.
• Key features of federalism

  • Division of powers
  • Supremacy of the constitution
  • Written constitution
  • Rigid constitution
  • Judiciary
  • Bi-Cameral Legislature
• Primary Sources

  1. log kept by Francisco Albo
  2. account of Antonio Pigafetta, "Primo viaggio intorno al mondo" (First Voyage Around the World)
• what are the two locations of First mass

  Southern leyte/Mazaua

  Butuan