Places and landscape

Cards (64)

  • Indigenous peoples in Canada include First nations, Métis, and Inuit
  • In 2021, over 1.8 million people in Canada identified as Indigenous
  • Warfare was common among Aboriginal groups as they competed for land, resources and prestige
  • The arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers and colonists changed the native way of life forever
  • Inuit Nunanggat
    Includes much of the land, water and ice contained in the Arctic region
  • Inuk
    Inuit person
  • Inuktitut
    Language of the Inuit
  • Inuit arrived at around 1050 CE
  • Eskimo
    Eating raw fish
  • Métis
    People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, who trace their origins to the Red River Valley and the prairies beyond
  • Michif
    Language of the Métis
  • Most First Nations hold reserve lands
  • According to the 2021 Census, there are 1,127,010 First Nations in Canada
  • Vikings from Iceland who colonized Greenland 1,000 years ago also reached Labrador and the island of Newfoundland
  • Settlement: l'Anse aux Meadows
  • John Cabot
    First to draw a map of Canada's East Coast, made three voyages across the Atlantic, claiming the land for King Francis I of France (1534-1542)
  • Jacques Cartier -Heard two captured guides speak the Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village"
  • By the 1550s, the name of Canada began appearing on maps
  • First European settlement in Canada is in Québec City by Samuel de Champlain
  • Champlain allied the colony of Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron against the Iroquois
  • The French and Aboriginal people collaborated in the fur-trade economy, driven by the demand for beaver pelts in Europe
  • Outstanding leaders like Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and Count Frontenac built a French Empire in North America that reached from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico
  • New France was turned over to royal rule in 1663
  • The King invested more in Canada
  • French and Iroquois made peace in 1701 called Great Peace
  • King Charles II of England granted the Hudson's Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed draining into Hudson Bay in 1670
  • The Hudson's Bay Company competed with Montreal-based traders for the next 100 years
  • Voyageurs
    Employees of the Hudson's Bay Company
  • Coureurs des bois
    Employees of the Hudson's Bay Company
  • English colonies along the Atlantic were richer and more populous
  • In the 1700s, the British and French battled for control of Canada
  • The British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Québec City, ending the French Empire in America
  • Great Britain renamed the colony the "Province of Quebec"
  • Habitants/Canadiens
    French-speaking Catholics who strove to preserve their way of life
  • The Quebec Act of 1774 allowed religious freedom, permitted French Canadians to hold public office, and restored French civil law while maintaining British criminal law
  • More than 40,000 United Empire Loyalists fled the oppression of the American Revolution and settled in Nova Scotia and Quebec
  • The Loyalists had different backgrounds including Dutch, German, British, Scandinavian, and Aboriginal
  • The first representative assembly was established in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1758, followed by Prince Edward Island in 1773 and New Brunswick in 1785
  • The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada (Loyalist, Protestant, English-speaking) and Lower Canada (Catholic, French-speaking), and granted them legislative assemblies
  • The name Canada also became official at this time and has been used ever since