Indigenous peoples in Canada include First nations, Métis, and Inuit
In 2021, over 1.8million people in Canada identified as Indigenous
Warfare was common among Aboriginal groups as they competed for land, resources and prestige
The arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers and colonists changed the native way of life forever
Inuit Nunanggat
Includes much of the land, water and ice contained in the Arctic region
Inuk
Inuit person
Inuktitut
Language of the Inuit
Inuit arrived at around 1050 CE
Eskimo
Eating raw fish
Métis
People of mixedEuropean and Indigenousancestry, who trace their origins to the Red River Valley and the prairies beyond
Michif
Language of the Métis
Most First Nations hold reserve lands
According to the 2021 Census, there are 1,127,010 First Nations in Canada
Vikings from Iceland who colonized Greenland 1,000 years ago also reached Labrador and the island of Newfoundland
Settlement: l'Anse aux Meadows
John Cabot
First to draw a map of Canada's East Coast, made three voyages across the Atlantic, claiming the land for King Francis I of France (1534-1542)
Jacques Cartier -Heard two captured guides speak the Iroquoian word kanata, meaning "village"
By the 1550s, the name of Canada began appearing on maps
First European settlement in Canada is in Québec City by Samuel de Champlain
Champlain allied the colony of Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron against the Iroquois
The French and Aboriginal people collaborated in the fur-trade economy, driven by the demand for beaver pelts in Europe
Outstanding leaders like JeanTalon, BishopLaval, and CountFrontenac built a French Empire in North America that reached from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico
New France was turned over to royal rule in 1663
The King invested more in Canada
French and Iroquois made peace in 1701 called Great Peace
KingCharlesII of England granted the Hudson's Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed draining into Hudson Bay in 1670
The Hudson's Bay Company competed with Montreal-based traders for the next 100 years
Voyageurs
Employees of the Hudson's Bay Company
Coureurs des bois
Employees of the Hudson's Bay Company
English colonies along the Atlantic were richer and more populous
In the 1700s, the British and French battled for control of Canada
The British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Québec City, ending the French Empire in America
Great Britain renamed the colony the "Province of Quebec"
Habitants/Canadiens
French-speaking Catholics who strove to preserve their way of life
The Quebec Act of 1774 allowed religious freedom, permitted French Canadians to hold public office, and restored French civil law while maintaining British criminal law
More than 40,000 United Empire Loyalists fled the oppression of the American Revolution and settled in Nova Scotia and Quebec
The Loyalists had different backgrounds including Dutch, German, British, Scandinavian, and Aboriginal
The first representative assembly was established in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1758, followed by Prince Edward Island in 1773 and New Brunswick in 1785
The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada (Loyalist, Protestant, English-speaking) and LowerCanada (Catholic, French-speaking), and granted them legislative assemblies
The name Canada also became official at this time and has been used ever since