3I'S V.2

• Background of the study


  Provides context to the information discussed throughout the research process. Deliberates the statement of the problem, rationale, and research questions.
• Research Problem


  A statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature.
• Conceptual Framework


  An analytical tool with several variations and contexts that can be applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed to come up with the desired goal.
• How to create Conceptual Framework

  1. Conduct a literature Review

  2. Create a flow chart

  3. Write a Narrative

  4. Return and Revise
• Research Hypothesis


  Vital to all research endeavours, whether qualitative or quantitative, exploratory or explanatory.
• Ways to express a research hypothesis

  • As a one-sentence hypothesis
  • As a research question
  • As a title for your paper
• Statement of the Problem


  To write a problem statement. It has to be concise and concrete. May be written in several paragraphs or in several sentences incorporated in the introduction.
• Purpose of the Statement of the Problem

  • To describe the substantive focus of the research study
  • To frame it as a larger theoretical policy
  • To frame it as a practical problem and thereby, develop its significance
  • To pose initial research questions
  • To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second
  • To discuss the limitations of the study
• Significance of the study


  Provides information to the reader on how the study will contribute.
• Scope and limitations of the study


  Set borders and limitations to the problem inquiry and narrow down the scope of the inquiry.
• Definition of terms


  Glossary of research terms to assist in understanding commonly used terms and concepts when reading, interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research in the social sciences.
• Types and functions of definitions

  • Conceptual definition - refers to the dictionary meaning
  • Operational Definition - the meaning of the concept or terms as used in a particular study
• Related Studies


  Comparison and contrast of your research with other studies.
• Related Literature


  Analysis of published materials like reference book, textbook, manuals, encyclopaedia, dictionaries, broadsheet, dairies.
• Review


  Usually means an overview summarizing major parts and bringing them together to build a picture of what's out there.
• Literature


  The major writings especially scholarly writings on the topic. Ex. journal articles, books, published essays, government reports, historical records, and statistical handbooks.
• Literature review


  A systematic and comprehensive analysis of books, scholarly articles and other sources relevant to a specific topic providing a base of knowledge on a topic.
• Related Studies


  Studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is relate or has some bearing or similarity.
• Related Literature


  Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related.
• Citation


  A reference to a source used in your research. It is how you give credit to the author for their creative and intellectual works that you referenced as support for your research.
• Types of sources

  • Primary sources - original materials on which other research is based
  • Secondary sources - those that describe or analyze primary sources
  • Tertiary sources - those used to organize and locate secondary and primary sources
• Plagiarism


  Using someone else's words or ideas as your own without giving credit to that person or without citation.
• Types of Tertiary sources

  • Indexes provide citations that fully identify a work with information such as author, titles of a book, article, and/or journal, publisher and publication date, volume and issue number and page numbers
  • Abstracts - summarize the primary or secondary sources
  • Databases - are online indexes that usually include abstracts for each primary or secondary resource, and may also include a digital copy of the resource
• Citation


  A way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and Intellectual works that you utilized to support your research
• Citation Style


  Dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting
• Research Design


  Describe whether your study is qualitative or quantitative
• Qualitative Research


  • Makes use of the first person/textual/discursive in nature
• Quantitative Research


  • Makes use of third person -past tense/researcher is not the one who determines the variables but it is the subject itself
• Qualitative Research


  A systematic subjective approach used to describe life experience and give them meaning
• Ethnography


  • You immerse yourself in the target participants' environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge
• Narrative


  • Weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story
• Phenomenological


  • An appropriate qualitative method when you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon
• Case Study


  • A way of explaining an organization, entity, company, or event which involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources
• Quantitative Research


  An objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques
• Survey Research


  • Uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense of behavior with intense precision
• Correlational Research


  • Tests for the relationships between two variables
• Causal-comparative Research


  • Looks to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship, but is not conducted between the two groups on each other
• Experimental Research


  • Is guided specifically by a hypothesis
• Population


  Refers to a total number of people who serve as subjects or respondents of the study
• Sampling Procedure


  Method in identifying part of the respondents of the study