INTRO TO PHILO | LECTURE 02

• L2 | 1.0. PLATO'S SCISSION AND PHILOSOPHY'S NEED FOR A METHODS

  • The demarcation between mytheme (ideas that are based on stories) and matheme (ideas that are based on reason) is still tangled.
• L2 | 1.0. PLATO'S SCISSION AND PHILOSOPHY'S NEED FOR A METHODS

  • If there is a timeline, it has to be Plato's critique of imitation (outlined in his famous book The Republic).
• L2 | 1.2. PLATO'S SCISSION OUT OF THE MYTHEME IS PIVOTAL FOR TWO REASONS:

  1. Philosophy's method cannot anymore be a hybrid or a pseudo of a genre of literature.
  2. Philosophy's method must be consistent after making its own site and filed of investigation.
• L2 | 2.0 THE LOGICAL OF THE EVERYDAY: BEING CRITICAL AND A PROBLEM-SOLVER

  • The question on method and its connection to philosophy's pursuit has led philosophers to either follow a particular school of thought or develop and original system.
• L2 | 2.0 THE LOGICAL OF THE EVERYDAY: BEING CRITICAL AND A PROBLEM-SOLVER

  • The philosophies are named as systems because specific thinker offers an elaborate philosophical world with its own Ontology, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, and logic.
• L2 | 2.2. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

  1. ONTOLOGY: Theory of reality and the nature of being.
  2. EPISTEMOLOGY: Theory of knowledge.
  3. ETHICS: Theory of what is right or wrong.
  4. AESTHETICS: Theory about the nature and valuation of what is beautiful.
  5. LOGIC: Theory of correct reasoning and sound thinking.
• L2 | 3.0 LOGIC

  • A person is called every day to reason and to decide on matters that actually demand his/her better judgement.
• L2 | 3.1. ELEMENTS OF CRITICAL THINKING

  • Independent thinking
  • Proactive thinking
  • Contextual thinking
  • Creative thinking
  • Collaborative thinking
• L2 | 3.1.1. CRITICAL THINKING

  • In philosophy, the person does not just accept things as they are but ask questions to the point of gathering and uncovering the best argument possible.
• L2 | 3.1.1. CRITICAL THINKING

  Independent thinking - Thinking is not just embodying the truth but also embodying that truth-for-you which you believe in.
• L2 | 3.1.1. CRITICAL THINKING

  • Proactive thinking - To actively anticipate and prepare for potential objections in their arguments or positions and to execute contingent plans if one fails.
• L2 | 3.1.1. CRITICAL THINKING

  • Contextual thinking - It provides the necessary framework of thought and clarifies the actual range of thought.
• L2 | 3.1.1. CRITICAL THINKING

  • Creative thinking - Great thinkers are also master stylists because they can represent the truth in a manner where they could be seen in a different light.
• L2 | 3.1.1. CRITICAL THINKING

  • Collaborative thinking - To thinks always to think in close collaboration with others. It is also a manifestation of the relational aspect of thought, communication, and participation.
• L2 | 4.0 EPISTEMOLOGY

  • A study on the theory of knowledge, it explores diverse manners and ways by which truth can be achieved and generated.
• L2 | THEORIES ON KNOWLEDGE

  1. Theory of Realism
  2. Theory of Relativism
  3. Theory of Pragmatism
  4. Theory of Phenomenology
  5. Theory of Axioms
• L2 | THEORIES ON KNOWLEDGE

  • Theory of Realism - One of the oldest epistemological system that dates back from Aristotle.
  • Truth is the adequation between what is outside the mind (reality) and inside the mind (subject).
  • Objects move in actual spaces where time is real and measurable.
• L2 | THEORIES ON KNOWLEDGE

  • Theory of Relativism - The basis of truth is always related to the subjective intervention of any phenomenon.

  1. Hence, the truth for one person may not be the truth for the other.
• L2 | THEORIES ON KNOWLEDGE

  • Theory of Pragmatism - Often viewed as an American philosophy, emphasizes that truth should have practical consequences.

  1. Practical consequences have to be beneficial in order to justify the truthfulness.
  2. What appears as truth also has to work as truth
  3. Theories alone are not enough, it should have real and concrete implications.
• L2 | THEORIES ON KNOWLEDGE

  • Theory of Phenomenology - Founded by a German philosopher named Edmund Husserl.
  • "To see the world anew and again as if for the first time"

  1. Usually referred to as the theory of appearances that is essential to objective or empirical knowledge.
• L2 | THEORIES ON KNOWLEDGE

  • Axiomatic reasoning - mediates the world through the principle of mathematics, noting the implications of principles on reality and truth.

  1. The term "axiom" originated from the Greek word "axios," meaning "worthy" or "fitting"
  2. Fundamental principles or statements that are considered self-evidently true and serve as the foundation for reasoning or argumentation.