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• Nicolaus Copernicus


  His idea and model of the universe has placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. He outlined two kinds of planetary motion: (1) the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay in orbit on the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and (2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth's orbit, thus, farther from the Sun. From this model, he would work on the length of time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the Sun.
• Charles Darwin


  He is famous for his Theory of Evolution. He published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. His book presented evidence on how species evolved over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate species. In his book The Descent of Man, he introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence-based science. It is a science marked by observation and experiment.
• Sigmund Freud


  He is a famous figure in the field of psychology. He made a significant contribution through the development of an important observational method known as the method of psychoanalysis. His method was unorthodox, focusing on human sexuality and the evil nature of man. According to Weiner (2016), his method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in understanding some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine at that time.
• Development in Science


  • Mathematics
  • Technology
  • Architecture
  • Arts
  • Literature
  • Infrastructure
• Mayans


  • Used Vigesimal Number System
  • Had solar and religious calendar
  • Made accurate calculations about the sun and moon using only sticks
  • Used Quipus to record data
  • Used geometry for taxes
  • Had 2 calendars
• Mayans - Technology


  • Invented rubber
  • Used Jadeite for many tools
  • Farmers used terraces to maximize crops
  • Built large stone buildings without mortar
  • Invented canoes
  • Many medical advances
• Incas


  • Used Quipus to record data
  • Used geometry for taxes
  • Had 2 calendars
• Incas - Technology

  • Invented the wheel
  • Invented canoes
  • Many medical advances
• Aztecs

  • Had 2 calendars
• Aztecs - Technology

  • Invented the wheel
  • Invented canoes
  • Many medical advances
• The Mayans and Aztecs recorded events in a book made out of bark. The book is called Codex.
• The Incas never developed a writing system, instead memorized important information. They spoke in a language called Quechua.
• The Aztecs spoke a language called Nahuatl.
• Development of Science in India

  • Known for manufacturing iron especially iron steel
  • Famous in medicine, such as Ayurmeda a traditional medicine and is practiced as alternative medicine
  • Discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness
  • Discovered different surgical and other different procedures (Susruta Samhita)
  • Also invented tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, among others
  • Tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjodaro ruler
  • Introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of Algebra
  • Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit
  • Madhava of Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis
• Development of Science in China

  • Known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people
  • Famous discoveries and inventions were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools
  • Developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each
  • Made significant records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effects to our world
  • Observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar calendars
  • Developed a design of different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility
• With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th century.
• Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather than plain thought experiments.
• Ibn al-Haytham


  He is regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi


  He gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr.
• Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the Introduction of decimal point notation.
• Jābir ibn Hayyān


  He is considered to be the "Father of Chemistry".
• Ibn Sina


  He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine, the Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century.
• Astronomy was also famous in the African region. Documents show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a combination of the three.
• The Lebombo Bone, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six-month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 BCE.
• The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical learning, which is considered advanced during those times, such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.
• Contributions of Ancient Egyptian Civilization

  • Good in the four fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills
  • Knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry
  • Developed rules of geometry used to build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt
  • Built the great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from the Nile River
  • Known to be a centre of alchemy, which is known as the medieval forerunner of chemistry
  • Tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases