Newton's Law of Motion

• Motion


  Continuous change of position with respect to a reference frame
• Position


  Location of an object with respect to some point of comparison termed as reference frame
• Distance


  Actual length of the path taken by an object when it is moving
• Displacement


  Straight-line distance an object has taken to move from its initial position to its final position
• Inertia


  • Tendency of matter to resist a change in its state of motion
  • Dependent on the mass of an object
  • Harder to change state of motion for more massive objects
• Galileo's experiment


  1. Used inclined planes

  2. Observed object reaching same height as release point
• Newton's Law of Inertia

  An object will remain in its state of motion (either stationary or moving at constant velocity) unless acted upon by a net external force
• Newton's Law of Acceleration

  The acceleration of an object is proportional to and in the same direction as the net force acting on it
• Newton's Law of Interaction

  When an object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts another force that is equal and opposite in direction (action-reaction pair)
• Normal force and weight cannot be considered as action-reaction forces because they act on the same body
• The force of table to book and book to table can be considered as paired action-reaction forces
• According to Galileo


  Object in horizontal motion has constant velocity, object in vertical motion has constant acceleration
• According to Newton


  Velocities of objects are either constant or zero in both horizontal and vertical motion unless acted upon by an external force
• Variables affecting motion


  • Applied Force
  • Tension Force
  • Weight Force
  • Normal Force
  • Friction Force
• Law of Conservation of Mass


  In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products is always equal to the total mass of the reactants
• Galileo demonstrated that kinetic energy could be converted to potential energy and vice versa, using a pendulum
• Christian Huygens published studies of collisions, noting that the kinetic energies of colliding objects were conserved before and after the collision
• James Prescott Joule established that forms of energy can be converted from one form to another, 1 cal = 4.186 J
• Law of Conservation of Momentum


  The total momentum of an object does not change if there are no external forces acting on it
• Work


  The product of the force applied and the distance moved in the direction of the force
• Kinetic Energy


  The energy of an object by virtue of its motion or particles
• Potential Energy


  The energy of an object due to its position
• Scientist Contributions


  • Antoine Lavoisier - Proposed Law of Conservation of Mass
  • Galileo Galilei - Demonstrated kinetic-potential energy conversion
  • Christian Huygens - Studied conservation of kinetic energy in collisions
  • James Prescott Joule - Established energy conversion, 1 cal = 4.186 J
  • Albert Einstein -
  • Rene Descartes -
  • Isaac Newton -
• Massive


  An object with a large amount of matter. In physics, mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, typically measured in kilograms.
• Inertia


  Tendency of matter to resist a change in its state of motion, dependent on the mass of an object. Harder to change state of motion for more massive objects.