UCSP REVIEWER

• Looking Glass Self Theory-created by American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley in 1902

  • described as our reflection of how we think we appear to others
  • the tendency for one to understand oneself through the perception which others may hold of them.
• Social Control -refers to the set of means to ensure that people generally behave in expected and approved ways
• Deviance-is the recognized violation of cultural norms.
• Conformity- is the act of exhibiting the same as the behavior of most other people in a society, group, etc.
• Anthropological Functionalism - believes that cultural elements and practices are interrelated and interdependent and persist because they have a purpose.

  Example: Filipinos’ actions are influenced strongly by their religion.
• Anthropological Structuralism - conveys that cultural phenomena and practices have a relationship to one another by which human organize and structure their experiences.

  Example: Father and Son; Husband and Wife
• Cultural Materialism - considers the idea that culture is influenced by technology, resources, economic values, and the utilization of things.

  Example: Pork is prohibited in the Muslim diet.
• Historical Particularism - believes that each group of people has its own unique culture which is influenced by its history, geography and environment.

  Example: Filipino people are influenced by superstitious beliefs which originate from their ancestors.
• Cultural Diffusionism - asserts that culture originates from one or more culture centers which are results of borrowed elements of the new culture.

  Example: Filipino culture is influenced by Western civilization brought by the colonization of Western countries i.e. Spain.
• Unilineal Evolutionism - states that new cultural forms emerge from the past that pass through similar stages of development.

  Example: from Animism to Monotheism i.e. Roman Catholic or Islam
• Innovation - rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve success
• Ritualism - rejecting the importance of success goals but continue to toil as conscientious and diligent workers.
• Retreatism - withdrawal from the society and does not care about success.
• Rebellion - attempts to change the goals and means of society.
• Kind of Evolution

  • Biological- any genetic change in a population inherited over several generations
  • Cultural-the development of one more cultures from simpler to more complex forms
  • Social- the process of social development from an early simple type of social organization to one that is complex and highly organized
  • Political- involves efforts to create control over a subsystem of any socially organized as well as the process of exercising control.
• Social Group based on Perspective

  • In-Group- often perceived as odd and indifferent
  • Minority Group- relatively less dominant in terms of size, status or degree of influence
  • In Reference Group-one is not necessarily a member but they serve as
• Cultural Anthropology - Refers to the study of living people and their cultures, including variation and change. It deals with the description and analysis of the forms and styles of social life of past and present ages. Cultural anthropologists also study art, religion, migration, marriage, and family
• Linguistic Anthropology - Refers to the study of communication, mainly (but not exclusively) among humans. It includes the study of communication’s origins, history, and contemporary variation
• Archaeology - Refers to the study of past human cultures through their material remains. It is the study of past human cultures through the recovery and analysis of artifacts
• Biological Anthropology - Also known as physical anthropology, this refers to the study of humans as biological organisms, including their evolution and contemporary variation. It seeks to describe the distribution of hereditary variations among contemporary populations and to sort out and measure the relative contributions made by heredity, environment, and culture to human biology.
• Fields of Anthropology

  • Cultural Anthropology
  • Linguistic Anthropology
  • Archeology
  • Biological or Physical Anthropology
• Sociological Functionalism - views society as an organized network cooperating groups operating orderly to generally accepted norms.

  Example: To produce more productive graduates in the community, the government must pour money into education.
• Sociological Conflict Perspective - sees the social environment in a continuous struggle which is in contrast with Functionalism.

  Example: Rich versus poor
• Symbolic Interactionism - deals with patterns of behavior in large units of society such as organization, communities, etc.

  Example: Why does an individual in the community avoid eye contact when talking to a stranger?

   

   
• Evolutionism - explains how human groups came to exist, grow and develop.

  Example: Before people use telephone to communicate with one another, now with the advancement of technology many of us use cellphone as a means of communication.
• Sociological Perspectives

  • functionalism
  • conflict perspective
  • symbolic interactionism
  • Evolutionism
• Human Ecology-It pertains to the study of the effects of various social organizations (religious organizations, political institutions and etc.) to the population’s behavior
• Applied Sociology-this is concerned with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations. The goal of applied Sociology is to assist in resolving social problems through the use of sociological research
• Social Psychology- This area focuses on the study of human nature and its emphasis on social processes as they affect individual or responses which are called “social stimuli
• Social Groups based on Purpose

  • Interest group- are formed for the purpose of protecting and promoting the trade, interests, and well-being of its members.
  • Pressure group- is from the private sector of society that are formed to influence the public’s views.
  • Task group- constitutes a pool of workers labor force, or performers following a chain of command for the purpose of completing task.
• Social Groups based on Structure

   

  • Primary group- members conduct themselves informally, interact spontaneously, sympathetic with one another and enjoy each other’s company.
  • Secondary group- members conduct themselves according to role expectation and treat each other with acknowledgement to status and degree of acquaintance.
• Viewing Other Culture

  • Cultural Relativist-culture has meaning when taken only into context. This means, it is wrong to compare, apply, and/or judge one’s own culture from another culture.
  • Ethnocentrism-the perception of one’s own culture as superior of other cultures.
  • Xenocentrism-the perception of one’s own culture as inferior of other cultures.

   
• Focus of Social Organization

  • social institution
  • social inequality
  • social mobility
  • religious groups and bureaucracy.
• Neolithic Revolution -during the Neolithic Revolution, agricultural societies developed and their population increased into millions. They also settled permanently and improve the technology for farming.