S 3.1, 3.2, 3.5 (3)

• Negative Charges: Charges of electrons
• Positive Charges: Charges of protons
• Protons are part of the nucleus of atoms, meaning that they cannot be rubbed off materials.
• Electrons surround the nucleus and aren't tightly bound to it meaning that it can be rubbed off.
• When electrons are rubbed off a material, it becomes positively charged
• When electrons are gained by a material, it becomes negatively charged.
• Charging by friction: charging a material by rubbing it against a conductor.
• Uncharged Materials: materials that have an even number of protons and neutrons which will cancel each other out, making it electrically neutral.
• Charged Materials: When electrons are rubbed off a material and transferred to another material. Both these materials will become this.
• The Law of Electric Charge:

  1. Opposite charges attract each other.
  2. Like charges repel each other.
• Neutral Materials: materials that have an equal number of protons and neutrons.
• When you bring a charged material near a neutral object, the electrons in the neutral object don't come off. Instead, the electrons in the charged object will move closer to the protons, but it will won't meet.
• Static Charge: A charge that is not moving and is not being lost or gained.
• Friction: occurs when two objects rub together. These objects will have opposite charges at the end.
• Conduction: occurs when objects touch and an electric charge is transferred from one object to another. These objects will have the same charge at the end.
• Induction: results form charging without touching or making any direct contact. This creates areas of opposite charge on the objects.
• Insulator: materials that do not allow electricity to pass through them
• induced charge separation: a shift in the position of electrons in a neutral object that occurs when a charged object is brought near it
• conductor: a material that allows electricity to flow through it
• induced charge: separation of protons and electrons.