3 - MACROMOLECULE S

• What is the smallest unit of matter capable of entering into a chemical reaction?

  Atom
• What is an aggregate of atoms bonded together called?

  Molecule
• What are large molecules important for life called?

  Macromolecule
• How is a mole defined in chemistry?

  The molecular mass of a compound in grams
• What does molecular mass represent?

  Sum of atomic masses in a compound
• How is concentration expressed?

  Amount of substance per given volume
• What is a molar solution?

  One mole of solute in 1 L of solvent
• What is Avogadro’s number?

  6.023×10^23 molecules per mole
• What is a chemical bond?

  Force that joins two or more atoms
• How is an ionic bond formed?

  By transfer of electrons between atoms
• What characterizes a covalent bond?

  Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
• What is a polar bond?

  Covalent bond with unequal electron sharing
• What is a hydrogen bond?

  Attraction between polar atoms involving hydrogen
• What is a Van der Waals force?

  Weak interaction between nonpolar molecules
• What is a hydrophilic force?

  Attractive force allowing solute to dissolve in water
• What does hydrophilic mean?

  Water-loving; soluble in water
• What does hydrophobic mean?

  Water-fearing; repels water
• What is an amphipathic molecule?

  Molecule with both polar and nonpolar parts
• What is an acid?

  Substance with excess H+ ions
• What is an alkaline (base)?

  Substance with predominant OH− ions
• What does pH measure?

  Molar concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
• What is a polymer?

  Large molecule made of smaller subunits
• What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• What is a monosaccharide?

  Single sugar molecule like glucose
• What is a disaccharide?

  Two monosaccharides joined together
• What is a polysaccharide?

  Chains of many monosaccharide units
• What is an oligosaccharide?

  Molecule formed by a few monosaccharides
• What is an isomer?

  Compounds with the same formula but different structures
• What is starch?

  Plant polysaccharide used for energy storage
• What is cellulose?

  Structural polysaccharide in plants
• What is glycogen?

  Animal polysaccharide for energy storage
• What is dextran?

  Polysaccharide used by bacteria for energy storage
• What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  Chemical process breaking polymers into monomers
• What is ribose?

  Five-carbon sugar in RNA and ATP
• What is deoxyribose?

  Five-carbon sugar in DNA
• What is glucose?

  Primary monosaccharide used for energy
• What is fructose?

  Fruit sugar; monosaccharide used for energy
• What is galactose?

  Monosaccharide found in milk sugar
• What is sucrose?

  Table sugar; disaccharide of glucose and fructose
• What is lactose?

  Milk sugar; disaccharide of glucose and galactose