1 - MICROSCOPE

• What is microscopy?

  Use of a microscope to view specimens
• What does the Greek word "skopion" mean?

  Means of viewing
• What does the Greek word "skopein" mean?

  Look at
• What is a microscope?

  Instrument for viewing microscopic specimens
• What does the Greek word "mikros" mean?

  Small
• What does the Greek word "okottew" mean?

  View
• What is magnification in microscopy?

  Degree of enlargement of the final image
• What is resolution in microscopy?

  Ability to distinguish two points as separate
• What are the types of microscopes and their uses?

  • Simple microscope: Morphological characterization, sorting components.
  • Compound microscope: Microbiology, histopathology, cytology.
  • Phase contrast microscope: Microbiological studies, histopathology.
  • Fluorescence microscope: Cell observation, immunology, biochemistry.
  • Electron microscope: Viral/bacterial structure, crystallography.
  • Darkfield microscope: Microbial motility, cytology.
  • Stereo microscope: Dissection, microsurgery, artifact examination.
  • Inverted microscope: Metallurgy, cytology.
  • Digital microscope: Alternative to compound microscope.
• What is a simple microscope used for?

  Morphological characterization and quality checks
• What are the limitations of a simple microscope?

  Low magnification, requires mirror, stained specimens
• What is a compound microscope used for?

  Microbiology, histopathology, cytology
• What are the limitations of a compound microscope?

  Low resolution, not suitable for in vivo
• What is a phase contrast microscope used for?

  Enhances contrast of transparent specimens
• What are the limitations of a phase contrast microscope?

  Low resolution, not suitable for in vivo
• What is a fluorescence microscope used for?

  Cell observation, immunology, biochemistry
• What are the limitations of a fluorescence microscope?

  Photobleaching, phototoxicity, fluorophore specificity
• What is an electron microscope used for?

  Viral/bacterial structure, crystallography
• What are the limitations of an electron microscope?

  Expensive, complex, needs very thin specimen
• What does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) do?

  Electrons pass through specimen for internal details
• What does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) do?

  Electrons scan surface for 3D details
• What is a darkfield microscope used for?

  Produces bright image against dark background
• What are the limitations of a darkfield microscope?

  Contaminants may cause false images
• What is a stereo microscope used for?

  Dissection, microsurgery, artifact examination
• What are the limitations of a stereo microscope?

  Limited use, low magnification, costly
• What is an inverted microscope used for?

  Metallurgy, cytology, detecting microorganisms
• What are the limitations of an inverted microscope?

  Expensive, limited use, thickness affects imaging
• What is a digital microscope used for?

  Alternative to compound microscope
• What are the limitations of a digital microscope?

  Requires power, images can be manipulated
• What are the parts of a compound microscope?

  • Eyepiece / Ocular lens
  • Head
  • Revolving nosepiece
  • Arm
  • Objective lenses (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x)
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Mechanical stage
  • Condenser
  • Fine adjustment knob
  • Stage control knobs
  • Illuminator
  • Base
• What is the function of the eyepiece in a compound microscope?

  Observes the magnified image
• What does the head of a compound microscope hold?

  Holds prisms and eyepiece tubes
• What is the function of the revolving nosepiece?

  Holds objective lenses and changes magnification
• What does the arm of a compound microscope do?

  Supports body tube and used for carrying
• How many objective lenses does a compound microscope usually have?

  Usually 4 lenses
• What are the magnifications of the objective lenses in a compound microscope?

  4x, 10x, 40x, 100x
• What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob?

  Moves stage for rough focusing
• What is the mechanical stage used for?

  Platform for specimen slides
• What does the condenser do in a compound microscope?

  Focuses light on specimen
• What is the function of the fine adjustment knob?

  Allows precise focusing